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experience figures

  • 1 experience figures

    experience figures GEN Erfahrungswerte mpl

    Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > experience figures

  • 2 figure

    'fiɡə, ]( American) 'fiɡjər
    1. noun
    1) (the form or shape of a person: A mysterious figure came towards me; That girl has got a good figure.) figura
    2) (a (geometrical) shape: The page was covered with a series of triangles, squares and other geometrical figures.) figura
    3) (a symbol representing a number: a six-figure telephone number.) cifra, número
    4) (a diagram or drawing to explain something: The parts of a flower are shown in figure 3.) diagrama

    2. verb
    1) (to appear (in a story etc): She figures largely in the story.) aparecer, figurar
    2) (to think, estimate or consider: I figured that you would arrive before half past eight.) figurar
    •
    - figuratively
    - figurehead
    - figure of speech
    - figure out
    1. cifra / número
    2. figura
    3. tipo / cuerpo
    tr['fɪgəSMALLr/SMALL, SMALLʊʃ/SMALL 'fɪgjr]
    1 (number, sign) cifra, número
    2 (money, price) cantidad nombre femenino, precio, suma
    3 (in art) figura
    4 (human form) figura, tipo, línea
    5 (personality) figura, personaje nombre masculino
    6 (diagram) diagrama nombre masculino, dibujo, grabado, ilustración nombre femenino
    7 (shape) forma, figura
    8 (pattern) figura
    1 (appear) figurar, constar
    ■ does you name figure in the list? ¿tu nombre figura en la lista?
    1 SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL (think) suponer, imaginarse
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    that figures! ¡ya me parecía a mí!, ¡eso tiene sentido!
    figure of speech figura retórica
    figure skating patinaje nombre masculino artístico
    figure ['fɪgjər, -gər] v, - ured ; - uring vt
    1) calculate: calcular
    2) estimate: figurarse, calcular
    he figured it was possible: se figuró que era posible
    figure vi
    1) feature, stand out: figurar, destacar
    2)
    that figures! : ¡obvio!, ¡no me extraña nada!
    1) digit: número m, cifra f
    2) price: precio m, cifra f
    3) personage: figura f, personaje m
    4) : figura f, tipo m, físico m
    to have a good figure: tener buen tipo, tener un buen físico
    5) design, outline: figura f
    6) figures npl
    : aritmética f
    n.
    • cifra s.f.
    • figura s.f.
    • formación s.f.
    • guarismo s.m.
    • ilustración s.f.
    • línea s.f.
    • papel s.m.
    • talle s.m.
    • tipo s.m.
    v.
    • calcular v.
    • figurar v.
    • imaginar v.
    'fɪgjər, 'fɪgə(r)
    I
    1)
    a) ( digit) cifra f

    inflation is now into double figures — la inflación pasa del 10%

    b) ( piece of data) dato m

    recent figures show that... — estadísticas or datos recientes muestran que...

    c) (amount, price) cifra f

    she's good at figures — es buena para las matemáticas, se le dan bien los números

    2)
    a) ( person) figura f
    b) ( body shape) figura f, tipo m
    3) (Art, Math, Mus) figura f
    4) ( diagram) figura f

    II
    1.
    1) ( feature) figurar

    to figure prominently — destacarse*

    2) ( make sense) (colloq)

    2.
    vt ( reckon) (AmE colloq) calcular
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ['fɪɡǝ(r)]
    1. N
    1) (=shape, silhouette) figura f
    2) (=bodily proportions) tipo m, figura f

    she's got a nice figure — tiene buen tipo or una buena figura

    • he's a fine figure of a man — es un hombre con un tipo imponente

    • clothes for the fuller figure — tallas fpl grandes

    • to keep/lose one's figure — guardar/perder la línea or el tipo

    • to watch one's figure — cuidar la línea or el tipo

    3) (=person) figura f

    • he cut a dashing figure in his new uniform — se veía muy elegante con su nuevo uniforme

    • father figure — figura f paterna

    • these days he's become a figure of fun — últimamente se ha convertido en el hazmerreír de todos

    • mother figure — figura f materna

    • public figure — personaje m público

    4) (=numeral) cifra f

    how did you arrive at these figures? — ¿cómo has llegado a estas cifras?

    • he was the only player to reach double figures — era el único jugador que marcó más de diez tantos

    • we want inflation brought down to single figures — queremos que la inflación baje a menos del diez por cien

    5) figures (=statistics) estadísticas fpl, datos mpl ; (=calculations) cálculos mpl

    the latest figures show that... — las últimas estadísticas or los últimos datos muestran que...

    • he's always been good at figures — siempre se le han dado bien los números, siempre se le ha dado bien la aritmética

    6) (=amount) [of money] cifra f, suma f ; (=number) [of items] cifra f, número m

    what sort of figure did you have in mind? — ¿qué cifra or suma tenías en mente?

    • I wouldn't like to put a figure on it — no quisiera dar una cifra

    some estimates put the figure as high as 20,000 dead — algunos cálculos dan una cifra or un número de hasta 20.000 muertos

    7) (=diagram) figura f
    8) (Art) figura f
    9) (Geom, Dance, Skating) figura f

    • a figure of eight, a figure eight — (US) un ocho

    10) (Ling)

    figure of speech — figura f retórica

    2. VI
    1) (=appear) figurar (as como) ( among entre)
    2) (esp US)
    * (=make sense)

    it doesn't figure — no tiene sentido, no encaja

    • that figures! — ¡lógico!, ¡obvio!

    3.
    VT (esp US) (=think) imaginarse, figurarse; (=estimate) calcular

    I figure they'll come — me imagino or me figuro que vendrán

    she figured that they had both learned from the experience — pensaba or creía que los dos habían aprendido de la experiencia

    4.
    CPD

    figure skater N — patinador(a) m / f artístico(-a)

    figure skating N — patinaje m artístico

    * * *
    ['fɪgjər, 'fɪgə(r)]
    I
    1)
    a) ( digit) cifra f

    inflation is now into double figures — la inflación pasa del 10%

    b) ( piece of data) dato m

    recent figures show that... — estadísticas or datos recientes muestran que...

    c) (amount, price) cifra f

    she's good at figures — es buena para las matemáticas, se le dan bien los números

    2)
    a) ( person) figura f
    b) ( body shape) figura f, tipo m
    3) (Art, Math, Mus) figura f
    4) ( diagram) figura f

    II
    1.
    1) ( feature) figurar

    to figure prominently — destacarse*

    2) ( make sense) (colloq)

    2.
    vt ( reckon) (AmE colloq) calcular
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > figure

  • 3 display

    di'splei
    1. verb
    1) (to set out for show: The china was displayed in a special cabinet.) exhibir, exponer
    2) (to show: She displayed a talent for mimicry.) mostrar, manifestar, revelar

    2. noun
    1) ((an) act of showing or making clear: a display of military strength.) exhibición, demostración
    2) (an entertainment etc intended to show the ability etc of those taking part: a dancing display.) exhibición
    3) (something which shows or sets out something else: an advertising display.) exposición
    4) (the part of a video recorder, calculator, digital watch etc that shows numbers, the date, time, or other information.) visor
    display1 n exposición / exhibición / muestra
    display2 vb exponer / exhibir

    display sustantivo masculino
    1 Inform display
    2 (publicidad) display ' display' also found in these entries: Spanish: aparato - castillo - derroche - despliegue - exhibir - exhibición - exponer - expositor - expositora - expuesta - expuesto - lucir - manifestar - manifestación - urna - vitrina - alarde - cristalera - desplegar - escaparate - externar - gala English: display - grandiose - impartiality - liquid crystal display - managerial - unit - VDU - blaze - demonstration - dummy - LCD - liquid - parade - presentation - show - tattoo - VDT - visual
    tr[dɪ'spleɪ]
    1 (of goods, paintings, etc) exposición nombre femenino, muestra; (arrangement) arreglo
    2 (of strength, force) exhibición nombre femenino, despliegue nombre masculino; (of feelings, skills) demostración nombre femenino, exteriorización nombre femenino
    3 SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL visualización nombre femenino
    1 (put on show - china, medals) exhibir; (goods, paintings) exponer; (notice, advertisement, permit) colocar
    2 (flaunt) hacer alarde de, hacer gala de, hacer despliegue de
    3 (show - feelings, emotions) demostrar, exteriorizar; (- anger, interest, concern) demostrar, manifestar; (skill, tact, courage) - demostrar, dar prueba de; (- qualities, talent) lucir, mostrar
    4 (headlines) hacer resaltar
    5 SMALLCOMPUTING/SMALL visualizar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be on display estar expuesto,-a
    display [dɪs'pleɪ] vt
    : exponer, exhibir, mostrar
    : muestra f, exposición m, alarde m
    n.
    n.
    • visualización (Informática) s.f.
    n.
    • autoridad s.f.
    • despliegue s.m.
    • exhibición s.f.
    • exposición s.f.
    • pompa s.f.
    v.
    • desplegar v.
    • exhibir v.
    • exponer v.
    • lucir v.
    • mostrar v.
    • ostentar v.
    • presentar v.
    • revelar v.
    • tremolar v.

    I dɪ'spleɪ
    a) ( put on show) \<\<exhibit\>\> exponer*; \<\<data/figures\>\> ( Comput) visualizar*
    b) ( flaunt) \<\<finery/erudition\>\> hacer* despliegue or gala de; \<\<muscles\>\> lucir*, hacer* alarde de
    c) ( reveal) \<\<anger/interest\>\> demostrar*, manifestar*; \<\<feelings\>\> exteriorizar*, demostrar*; \<\<tendencies/symptoms\>\> presentar; \<\<skill/courage\>\> demostrar*, dar* prueba de

    II
    1)
    a) ( exhibition) exposición f, muestra f; ( show) show m

    firework display — fuegos mpl artificiales

    to be on display — \<\<painting/wares\>\> estar* expuesto

    to put something on display — exponer* algo

    a display of flowers — un arreglo floral; (before n)

    c) ( of feeling) exteriorización f, demostración f; (of courage, strength, knowledge) despliegue m; ( of ignorance) demostración f
    2) (Comput, Electron) display m, visualizador m

    digital/analog display — visualizador digital/analógico; (before n) <screen, panel> de visualización (de datos)

    3) (Journ, Print) (before n)

    display advertising — anuncios mpl destacados

    [dɪs'pleɪ]
    1. N
    1) (=act of displaying) [of merchandise] exposición f ; (in gallery, museum) exposición f, exhibición f ; [of emotion, interest] manifestación f, demostración f ; [of force] despliegue m
    2) (=array) [of merchandise] muestrario m, surtido m ; (in gallery, museum) exposición f

    window display — (in shop) escaparate m

    3) (=show) (Mil) exhibición f, demostración f

    a firework(s) display — fuegos mpl artificiales

    4) (=ostentation)
    5) (Comput) (=act) visualización f
    2. VT
    1) (=put on view) [+ goods, painting, exhibit] exponer, exhibir; [+ notice, results] exponer, hacer público
    2) (=show) [+ emotion, ignorance] mostrar, manifestar; [+ courage] demostrar, hacer gala de
    3) (=show ostentatiously) [+ one's knowledge] alardear de, hacer alarde de
    4) (Comput) desplegar, visualizar
    3.
    CPD

    display advertising N — (Press) pancartas fpl publicitarias, publicidad f gráfica

    display screen, display unit N — (Comput) monitor m

    * * *

    I [dɪ'spleɪ]
    a) ( put on show) \<\<exhibit\>\> exponer*; \<\<data/figures\>\> ( Comput) visualizar*
    b) ( flaunt) \<\<finery/erudition\>\> hacer* despliegue or gala de; \<\<muscles\>\> lucir*, hacer* alarde de
    c) ( reveal) \<\<anger/interest\>\> demostrar*, manifestar*; \<\<feelings\>\> exteriorizar*, demostrar*; \<\<tendencies/symptoms\>\> presentar; \<\<skill/courage\>\> demostrar*, dar* prueba de

    II
    1)
    a) ( exhibition) exposición f, muestra f; ( show) show m

    firework display — fuegos mpl artificiales

    to be on display — \<\<painting/wares\>\> estar* expuesto

    to put something on display — exponer* algo

    a display of flowers — un arreglo floral; (before n)

    c) ( of feeling) exteriorización f, demostración f; (of courage, strength, knowledge) despliegue m; ( of ignorance) demostración f
    2) (Comput, Electron) display m, visualizador m

    digital/analog display — visualizador digital/analógico; (before n) <screen, panel> de visualización (de datos)

    3) (Journ, Print) (before n)

    display advertising — anuncios mpl destacados

    English-spanish dictionary > display

  • 4 play

    play [pleɪ]
    jeu ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (e), 1 (f), 1 (h), 1 (i) tour ⇒ 1 (c) stratagème ⇒ 1 (d) pièce (de théâtre) ⇒ 1 (g) intérêt ⇒ 1 (j) jouer à ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (h) jouer ⇒ 2 (b), 2 (c), 2 (e)-(g), 2 (i)-(k), 3 (a)-(e), 3 (h) faire jouer ⇒ 2 (d) jouer de ⇒ 2 (m) mettre ⇒ 2 (n) s'amuser ⇒ 3 (a) se jouer ⇒ 3 (f)
    1 noun
    (a) (fun, recreation) jeu m;
    ∎ I like to watch the children at play j'aime regarder les enfants jouer;
    ∎ the aristocracy at play l'aristocratie en train de se détendre;
    ∎ to say sth in play dire qch en plaisantant ou pour rire;
    ∎ play on words jeu m de mots, calembour m
    ∎ play starts at one o'clock le match commence à une heure;
    ∎ play on the centre court is starting le match sur le court central commence;
    ∎ after some very boring play in the first half… après une première mi-temps très ennuyeuse…;
    ∎ there was some nice play from Brooks Brooks a réussi de belles actions ou a bien joué;
    ∎ to keep the ball in play garder la balle en jeu;
    ∎ out of play sorti, hors jeu;
    ∎ rain stopped play la partie a été interrompue par la pluie;
    ∎ American she scored off a passing play elle a marqué un but après une combinaison de passes;
    ∎ American the coach calls the plays l'entraîneur choisit les combinaisons
    (c) (turn) tour m;
    ∎ whose play is it? c'est à qui de jouer?
    (d) (manoeuvre) stratagème m;
    ∎ it was a play to get money/their sympathy c'était un stratagème pour obtenir de l'argent/pour s'attirer leur sympathie;
    ∎ he is making a play for the presidency il se lance dans la course à la présidence;
    ∎ she made a play for my boyfriend elle a fait des avances à mon copain
    (e) (gambling) jeu m;
    ∎ I lost heavily at last night's play j'ai perdu gros au jeu hier soir
    (f) (activity, interaction) jeu m;
    ∎ the result of a complex play of forces le résultat d'un jeu de forces complexe;
    ∎ to come into play entrer en jeu;
    ∎ to bring sth into play mettre qch en jeu
    (g) Theatre pièce f (de théâtre);
    ∎ Shakespeare's plays les pièces fpl ou le théâtre de Shakespeare;
    ∎ to be in a play jouer dans une pièce;
    ∎ it's been ages since I've seen or gone to see a play ça fait des années que je ne suis pas allé au théâtre;
    ∎ radio play pièce f radiophonique;
    ∎ television play dramatique f
    (h) Technology (slack, give) jeu m;
    ∎ there's too much play in the socket il y a trop de jeu dans la douille;
    ∎ give the rope more play donnez plus de mou à la corde;
    ∎ figurative to give or to allow full play to sth donner libre cours à qch
    (i) (of sun, colours) jeu m;
    ∎ I like the play of light and shadow in his photographs j'aime les jeux d'ombre et de lumière dans ses photos
    (j) familiar (attention, interest) intérêt□ m;
    ∎ the summit meeting is getting a lot of media play les médias font beaucoup de tapage ou battage autour de ce sommet;
    ∎ in my opinion she's getting far too much play à mon avis, on s'intéresse beaucoup trop à elle□ ;
    ∎ they made a lot of play or a big play about his war record ils ont fait tout un plat de son passé militaire
    (a) (games, cards) jouer à;
    ∎ to play football/tennis jouer au football/tennis;
    ∎ to play poker/chess jouer au poker/aux échecs;
    ∎ to play hide-and-seek jouer à cache-cache;
    ∎ the children were playing dolls/soldiers les enfants jouaient à la poupée/aux soldats;
    ∎ how about playing some golf after work? si on faisait une partie de golf après le travail?;
    ∎ do you play any sports? pratiquez-vous un sport?;
    ∎ squash is played indoors le squash se pratique en salle;
    ∎ to play the game Sport jouer selon les règles; figurative jouer le jeu;
    ∎ I won't play his game je ne vais pas entrer dans son jeu;
    ∎ she's playing games with you elle te fait marcher;
    ∎ familiar to play it cool ne pas s'énerver□, garder son calme□ ;
    ∎ American to play favorites faire du favoritisme;
    ∎ to play sb for a fool rouler qn;
    ∎ familiar the meeting's next week, how shall we play it? la réunion aura lieu la semaine prochaine, quelle va être notre stratégie?□ ;
    ∎ to play it safe ne pas prendre de risque, jouer la sécurité
    (b) (opposing player or team) jouer contre, rencontrer;
    ∎ Italy plays Brazil in the finals l'Italie joue contre ou rencontre le Brésil en finale;
    ∎ I played him at chess j'ai joué aux échecs avec lui;
    ∎ he will play Karpov il jouera contre Karpov;
    ∎ I'll play you for the drinks je vous joue les consommations
    (c) (match) jouer, disputer;
    ∎ to play a match against sb disputer un match avec ou contre qn;
    ∎ how many tournaments has he played this year? à combien de tournois a-t-il participé cette année?;
    ∎ the next game will be played on Sunday la prochaine partie aura lieu dimanche
    (d) (include on the team → player) faire jouer;
    ∎ the coach didn't play her until the second half l'entraîneur ne l'a fait entrer (sur le terrain) qu'à la deuxième mi-temps
    (e) (card, chess piece) jouer;
    ∎ to play spades/trumps jouer pique/atout;
    ∎ how should I play this hand? comment devrais-je jouer cette main?;
    ∎ she played her ace elle a joué son as; figurative elle a abattu sa carte maîtresse;
    ∎ figurative he plays his cards close to his chest il cache son jeu
    (f) (position) jouer;
    ∎ he plays winger/defence il joue ailier/en défense
    (g) (shot, stroke) jouer;
    ∎ she played a chip shot to the green elle a fait un coup coché jusque sur le green;
    ∎ try playing your backhand more essayez de faire plus de revers;
    ∎ to play a six iron (in golf) jouer un fer numéro six;
    ∎ he played the ball to me il m'a envoyé la balle
    (h) (gamble on → stock market, slot machine) jouer à;
    ∎ to play the horses jouer aux courses;
    ∎ to play the property market spéculer sur le marché immobilier;
    ∎ he played the red/the black il a misé sur le rouge/le noir
    (i) (joke, trick)
    ∎ to play a trick/joke on sb jouer un tour/faire une farce à qn;
    ∎ your memory's playing tricks on you votre mémoire vous joue des tours
    (j) Cinema & Theatre (act → role, part) jouer, interpréter;
    ∎ Cressida was played by Joan Dobbs le rôle de Cressida était interprété par Joan Dobbs;
    ∎ who played the godfather in Coppola's movie? qui jouait le rôle du parrain dans le film de Coppola?;
    ∎ figurative to play a part or role in sth prendre part ou contribuer à qch;
    ∎ an affair in which prejudice plays its part une affaire dans laquelle les préjugés entrent pour beaucoup ou jouent un rôle important
    (k) Cinema & Theatre (perform at → theatre, club)
    ∎ they played Broadway last year ils ont joué à Broadway l'année dernière;
    ∎ 'Othello' is playing the Strand for another week 'Othello' est à l'affiche du Strand pendant encore une semaine;
    ∎ he's now playing the club circuit il se produit maintenant dans les clubs
    ∎ to play the fool faire l'idiot ou l'imbécile;
    ∎ some doctors play God il y a des médecins qui se prennent pour Dieu sur terre;
    ∎ to play host to sb recevoir qn;
    ∎ to play the hero jouer les héros;
    ∎ one played the heavy while the other asked the questions l'un jouait les méchants tandis que l'autre posait les questions;
    ∎ don't play the wise old professor with me! ce n'est pas la peine de jouer les grands savants avec moi!;
    ∎ British familiar play the white man! sois sympa!
    (m) (instrument) jouer de; (note, melody, waltz) jouer;
    ∎ to play the violin jouer du violon;
    ∎ to play the blues jouer du blues;
    ∎ they're playing our song/Strauss ils jouent notre chanson/du Strauss;
    ∎ to play scales on the piano faire des gammes au piano
    (n) (put on → record, tape) passer, mettre; (→ radio) mettre, allumer; (→ tapedeck, jukebox) faire marcher;
    ∎ don't play the stereo so loud ne mets pas la chaîne si fort;
    ∎ he's in his room playing records il écoute des disques dans sa chambre;
    ∎ can you play some Pink Floyd? tu peux mettre quelque chose des Pink Floyd?;
    ∎ I'll play the first side British again or American over for you je vous repasse ou je vous fais réécouter la première face
    (o) (direct → beam, nozzle) diriger (on sur);
    ∎ he played his torch over the cave walls il promena le faisceau de sa lampe sur les murs de la grotte
    (p) (fish) fatiguer
    ∎ to play both ends against the middle jouer sur les deux tableaux
    (a) (amuse oneself) jouer, s'amuser; (frolic → children, animals) folâtrer, s'ébattre;
    ∎ I like to work hard and play hard quand je travaille, je travaille, quand je m'amuse, je m'amuse;
    ∎ he didn't mean to hurt you, he was only playing il ne voulait pas te faire de mal, c'était juste pour jouer;
    ∎ don't play on the street! ne jouez pas dans la rue!;
    ∎ to play with dolls/with guns jouer à la poupée/à la guerre
    (b) Sport jouer;
    ∎ to play well/badly/regularly jouer bien/mal/régulièrement;
    ∎ to play against sb/a team jouer contre qn/une équipe;
    ∎ to play in goal être goal;
    ∎ it's her (turn) to play c'est à elle de jouer, c'est (à) son tour;
    ∎ to play in a tournament participer à un tournoi;
    ∎ he plays in the Italian team il joue dans l'équipe d'Italie;
    ∎ she played into the left corner elle a envoyé la balle dans l'angle gauche;
    ∎ try playing to his backhand essayez de jouer son revers;
    ∎ to play high/low (in cards) jouer une forte/basse carte;
    ∎ do you play? est-ce que tu sais jouer?;
    ∎ to play to win jouer pour gagner;
    ∎ to play dirty ne pas jouer franc jeu; figurative ne pas jouer le jeu;
    ∎ to play fair jouer franc jeu; figurative jouer le jeu;
    ∎ to play into sb's hands faire le jeu de qn;
    ∎ you're playing right into his hands! tu entres dans son jeu!;
    ∎ to play for time essayer de gagner du temps;
    ∎ to play safe ne pas prendre de risques, jouer la sécurité
    (c) (gamble) jouer;
    ∎ to play high or for high stakes jouer gros (jeu);
    ∎ to play for drinks/for money jouer les consommations/de l'argent
    (d) Music (person, band, instrument) jouer; (record) passer;
    ∎ I heard a guitar playing j'entendais le son d'une guitare;
    ∎ music played in the background (recorded) des haut-parleurs diffusaient de la musique d'ambiance; (band) un orchestre jouait en fond sonore;
    ∎ is that Strauss playing? est-ce que c'est du Strauss que l'on entend?;
    ∎ a radio was playing upstairs on entendait une radio en haut;
    ∎ the stereo was playing full blast on avait mis la chaîne à fond
    (e) Cinema & Theatre (act) jouer;
    ∎ the last movie she played in le dernier film dans lequel elle a joué
    (f) Cinema & Theatre (show, play, movie) se jouer;
    ∎ Hamlet is playing tonight on joue Hamlet ce soir;
    ∎ the movie is playing to full or packed houses le film fait salle comble;
    ∎ the same show has been playing there for five years cela fait cinq ans que le même spectacle est à l'affiche;
    ∎ now playing at all Park Cinemas actuellement dans toutes les salles (de cinéma) Park;
    ∎ what's playing at the Rex? qu'est-ce qui passe au Rex?;
    ∎ the company will be playing in the provinces la compagnie va faire une tournée en province
    (g) (feign) faire semblant;
    ∎ to play dead faire le mort;
    ∎ to play innocent or familiar dumb faire l'innocent, jouer les innocents;
    ∎ familiar to play hard to get se faire désirer□
    (h) (breeze, sprinkler, light)
    ∎ to play (on) jouer (sur);
    ∎ sun played on the water le soleil jouait sur l'eau;
    ∎ a smile played on or about or over his lips un sourire jouait sur ses lèvres;
    ∎ lightning played across the sky le ciel était zébré d'éclairs
    ►► play area aire f de jeux
    British (have fun → children) jouer, s'amuser; (frolic) s'ébattre, folâtrer;
    ∎ it's time he stopped playing about and settled down il est temps qu'il arrête de s'amuser et qu'il se fixe
    (a) (fiddle with, tamper with)
    ∎ to play about with sth jouer avec ou tripoter qch;
    ∎ stop playing about with the aerial arrête de jouer avec ou de tripoter l'antenne;
    ∎ I don't think we should be playing about with genes à mon avis, on ne devrait pas s'amuser à manipuler les gènes
    (b) (juggle → statistics, figures) jouer avec; (consider → possibilities, alternatives) envisager, considérer;
    ∎ I'll play about with the figures and see if I can come up with something more reasonable je vais jouer un peu avec les chiffres et voir si je peux suggérer quelque chose de plus raisonnable;
    ∎ she played about with several endings for her novel elle a essayé plusieurs versions pour le dénouement de son roman
    ∎ to play about with sb faire marcher qn
    (tease, deceive) faire marcher
    (cooperate) coopérer;
    ∎ to play along with sb or with sb's plans entrer dans le jeu de qn;
    ∎ you'd better play along tu as tout intérêt à te montrer coopératif
    (b) familiar (have several lovers) coucher à droite et à gauche
    (a) (of child) jouer à;
    ∎ to play at cops and robbers jouer aux gendarmes et aux voleurs;
    ∎ familiar just what do you think you're playing at? à quoi tu joues exactement?
    (b) (dabble in → politics, journalism) faire en dilettante;
    ∎ you're just playing at being an artist tu joues les artistes;
    ∎ you can't play at being a revolutionary tu ne peux pas t'improviser révolutionnaire
    (cassette, film) repasser;
    ∎ play the last ten frames back repassez les dix dernières images
    ∎ play it by me again reprenez votre histoire depuis le début□
    (role, victory) minimiser; (problem) dédramatiser;
    ∎ we've been asked to play down the political aspects of the affair on nous a demandé de ne pas insister sur le côté politique de l'affaire;
    ∎ her book rightly plays down the conspiracy theory son livre minimise à juste titre la thèse du complot
    ∎ to play the ball in remettre la balle en jeu
    ∎ to play oneself in s'habituer, se faire la main
    (c) (with music) accueillir en musique
    (teams, contestants) disputer un match de barrage
    ∎ he played Neil off against his father il a monté Neil contre son père;
    ∎ he played his enemies off against each other il a monté ses ennemis l'un contre l'autre
    ➲ play on
    (weakness, naivety, trust, feelings) jouer sur;
    ∎ his political strength comes from playing on people's fears il tire sa force politique de sa capacité à jouer sur la peur des gens;
    ∎ the waiting began to play on my nerves l'attente commençait à me porter sur les nerfs;
    ∎ the title plays on a line from Shakespeare le titre est un jeu de mots sur une phrase de Shakespeare
    continuer à jouer;
    ∎ the referee waved them to play on l'arbitre leur fit signe de continuer à jouer
    (a) (enact → scene) jouer; (→ fantasy) satisfaire;
    ∎ the events being played out on the world's stage les événements qui se déroulent dans le monde;
    ∎ the drama was played out between rioters and police les incidents ont eu lieu entre les émeutiers et les forces de police
    (b) (usu passive) familiar (exhaust) to be played out (person, horse etc) être vanné ou éreinté□ ; (idea) être vieux jeu□ ou démodé□ ; (story) avoir perdu tout intérêt□
    ∎ they were played out to the strains of… leur départ a été accompagné par l'air de…
    Golf dépasser d'autres joueurs;
    ∎ may we play through? vous permettez que nous vous dépassions?
    ➲ play up
    (a) (exaggerate → role, importance) exagérer; (stress) souligner, insister sur;
    ∎ in the interview, play up your sales experience pendant l'entretien, mettez en avant ou insistez sur votre expérience de la vente;
    ∎ his speech played up his working-class background son discours mettait l'accent sur ses origines populaires;
    ∎ the press played up her divorce la presse a monté son divorce en épingle
    (b) British familiar (bother) tracasser□ ;
    ∎ my back is playing me up mon dos me joue encore des tours;
    ∎ don't let the kids play you up ne laissez pas les enfants vous marcher sur les pieds
    British familiar (car, child, TV, machine etc) faire des siennes;
    ∎ my back is playing up mon dos me joue encore des tours
    ∎ to play up to sb (flatter) faire de la lèche à qn
    (a) (toy with → pencil, hair) jouer avec;
    ∎ he was playing with the radio dials il jouait avec les boutons de la radio;
    ∎ he only played with his food il a à peine touché à son assiette;
    ∎ figurative to play with fire jouer avec le feu
    (b) (manipulate → words) jouer sur; (→ rhyme, language) manier;
    ∎ she plays with language in bold and startling ways elle manipule la langue avec une audace saisissante
    (c) (consider → idea) caresser;
    ∎ he played with the idea for weeks before rejecting it il a caressé l'idée pendant des semaines avant de l'abandonner;
    ∎ we're playing with the idea of buying a house nous pensons à acheter une maison;
    ∎ here are a few suggestions to play with voici quelques suggestions que je soumets à votre réflexion
    ∎ to play with sb's affections jouer avec les sentiments de qn;
    ∎ don't you see he's just playing with you? tu ne vois pas qu'il se moque de toi ou qu'il te fait marcher?
    (e) (have available → money, time) disposer de;
    ∎ how much time have we got to play with? de combien de temps disposons-nous?;
    ∎ they've got $2 million to play with ils disposent de deux millions de dollars
    ⓘ Play it again Sam Cette formule célèbre ("joue-le encore, Sam"), que l'on attribue au film Casablanca, n'est en fait pas prononcée dans le film. Le personnage incarné par Ingrid Bergman dit au pianiste du Rick's Bar play it once Sam, for old times' sake ("joue-le une fois, Sam, en souvenir du bon vieux temps"). Aujourd'hui on utilise cette formule en allusion au film lorsque l'on demande à quelqu'un de refaire quelque chose, et particulièrement lorsqu'il s'agit de rejouer un air de musique.

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > play

  • 5 break

    break [breɪk]
    casser ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (c) briser ⇒ 1 (a), 1 (i), 1 (j) fracturer ⇒ 1 (b) enfoncer ⇒ 1 (e) violer, enfreindre ⇒ 1 (f) rompre ⇒ 1 (h) couper ⇒ 1 (h) ruiner ⇒ 1 (k) amortir ⇒ 1 (l) se casser ⇒ 2 (a) se briser ⇒ 2 (a) se fracturer ⇒ 2 (b) cassure, brisure ⇒ 3 (a) fissure, fente ⇒ 3 (b) ouverture ⇒ 3 (c) interruption ⇒ 3 (d) pause ⇒ 3 (e) évasion ⇒ 3 (f) chance ⇒ 3 (g) changement ⇒ 3 (h)
    (pt broke [brəʊk], pp broken ['brəʊkn])
    (a) (split into pieces → glass, furniture) casser, briser; (→ branch, lace, string, egg, toy) casser;
    ∎ break the stick in two cassez le bâton en deux;
    ∎ to break sth into pieces mettre qch en morceaux;
    ∎ to get broken se casser;
    ∎ to break a safe forcer un coffre-fort;
    ∎ Religion to break bread (priest) administrer la communion; (congregation) recevoir la communion;
    ∎ figurative to break bread with sb partager le repas de qn;
    ∎ figurative to break sb's heart briser le cœur à qn;
    ∎ Ross broke her heart Ross lui a brisé le cœur;
    ∎ it breaks my heart to see her unhappy ça me brise le cœur de la voir malheureuse;
    ∎ figurative to break the ice rompre ou briser la glace
    (b) Medicine (fracture) casser, fracturer;
    ∎ to break one's leg se casser ou se fracturer la jambe;
    ∎ to break one's neck se casser ou se rompre le cou;
    ∎ the fall broke his back la chute lui a brisé les reins;
    ∎ familiar figurative they broke their backs trying to get the job done ils se sont éreintés à finir le travail;
    ∎ familiar we've broken the back of the job nous avons fait le plus gros du travail;
    ∎ familiar I'll break his neck if I catch him doing it again! je lui tords le cou si je le reprends à faire ça!;
    ∎ familiar figurative break a leg! merde! (pour souhaiter bonne chance)
    (c) (render inoperable → appliance, machine) casser;
    ∎ you've broken the TV tu as cassé la télé
    (d) (cut surface of → ground) entamer; (→ skin) écorcher; Law (seals → illegally) briser; (legally) lever;
    ∎ the seal on the coffee jar was broken le pot de café avait été ouvert;
    ∎ the skin isn't broken la peau n'est pas écorchée;
    ∎ to break new or fresh ground innover, faire œuvre de pionnier;
    ∎ scientists are breaking new or fresh ground in cancer research les savants font une percée dans la recherche contre le cancer
    ∎ the river broke its banks la rivière est sortie de son lit;
    ∎ to break the sound barrier franchir le mur du son;
    ∎ to break surface (diver, whale) remonter à la surface; Nautical (submarine) faire surface
    (f) Law (violate → law, rule) violer, enfreindre; (→ speed limit) dépasser; (→ agreement, treaty) violer; (→ contract) rompre; (→ promise) manquer à; Religion (→ commandment) désobéir à; (→ Sabbath) ne pas respecter;
    ∎ she broke her appointment with them elle a annulé son rendez-vous avec eux;
    ∎ he broke his word to her il a manqué à la parole qu'il lui avait donnée;
    ∎ Law to break parole = commettre un délit qui entraîne la révocation de la mise en liberté conditionnelle;
    ∎ Military to break bounds violer la consigne
    (g) (escape from, leave suddenly) Law
    ∎ to break jail s'évader (de prison);
    ∎ to break camp lever le camp;
    ∎ to break cover (animal) être débusqué; (person) sortir à découvert
    (h) (interrupt → fast, monotony, spell) rompre; Electricity (→ circuit, current) couper; Typography (→ word, page) couper;
    ∎ we broke our journey at Brussels nous avons fait une étape à Bruxelles;
    ∎ a cry broke the silence un cri a déchiré ou percé le silence;
    ∎ the plain was broken only by an occasional small settlement la plaine n'était interrompue que par de rares petits hameaux;
    ∎ Military to break step rompre le pas
    (i) (put an end to → strike) briser; (→ uprising) mater;
    ∎ the new offer broke the deadlock la nouvelle proposition a permis de sortir de l'impasse;
    ∎ he's tried to stop smoking but he can't break the habit il a essayé d'arrêter de fumer mais il n'arrive pas à se débarrasser ou se défaire de l'habitude;
    ∎ to break sb of a habit corriger ou guérir qn d'une habitude;
    ∎ to break oneself of a habit se corriger ou se défaire d'une habitude
    (j) (wear down, destroy → enemy) détruire; (→ person, will, courage, resistance) briser; (→ witness) réfuter; (→ health) abîmer; (→ alibi) écarter;
    ∎ torture did not break him or his spirit il a résisté à la torture;
    ∎ this scandal could break them ce scandale pourrait signer leur perte;
    ∎ the experience will either make or break him l'expérience lui sera ou salutaire ou fatale
    (k) (bankrupt) ruiner;
    ∎ her new business will either make or break her sa nouvelle affaire la rendra riche ou la ruinera;
    ∎ to break the bank (exhaust funds) faire sauter la banque;
    ∎ humorous buying a book won't break the bank! acheter un livre ne te/nous/ etc ruinera pas!
    (l) (soften → fall) amortir, adoucir;
    ∎ we planted a row of trees to break the wind nous avons planté une rangée d'arbres pour couper le vent
    (m) (reveal, tell) annoncer, révéler;
    ∎ break it to her gently annonce-le lui avec ménagement
    (n) (beat, improve on) battre;
    ∎ to break a record battre un record;
    ∎ the golfer broke 90 le golfeur a dépassé le score de 90
    (o) (solve → code) déchiffrer
    ∎ to break sb's service (in tennis) prendre le service de qn;
    ∎ Hingis was broken in the fifth game Hingis a perdu son service dans le cinquième jeu
    (q) (divide into parts → collection) dépareiller; (→ bank note) entamer;
    ∎ can you break a £10 note? pouvez-vous faire de la monnaie sur un billet de 10 livres?
    (r) (horse) dresser
    (t) Nautical (flag) déferler
    ∎ to break wind lâcher un vent
    (a) (split into pieces → glass, furniture) se casser, se briser; (→ branch, stick) se casser, se rompre; (→ lace, string, egg, toy) se casser;
    ∎ to break apart se casser ou se briser (en morceaux);
    ∎ the plate broke in two l'assiette s'est cassée en deux;
    ∎ to break into pieces se casser en morceaux;
    ∎ figurative her heart broke elle a eu le cœur brisé
    (b) Medicine (fracture → bone, limb) se fracturer;
    ∎ is the bone broken? y a-t-il une fracture?;
    ∎ humorous any bones broken? rien de cassé?
    (c) (become inoperable → lock, tool) casser; (→ machine) tomber en panne;
    ∎ the dishwasher broke last week le lave-vaisselle est tombé en panne la semaine dernière
    (d) (disperse → clouds) se disperser, se dissiper; Military (→ troops) rompre les rangs; (→ ranks) se rompre
    ∎ to break free se libérer;
    ∎ the ship broke loose from its moorings le bateau a rompu ses amarres
    (f) (fail → health, person, spirit) se détériorer;
    ∎ the witness broke under questioning le témoin a craqué au cours de l'interrogatoire;
    ∎ she or her spirit did not break elle ne s'est pas laissée abattre;
    ∎ their courage finally broke leur courage a fini par les abandonner
    (g) (take a break) faire une pause;
    ∎ let's break for coffee arrêtons-nous pour prendre un café
    (h) (arise suddenly → day) se lever, poindre; (→ dawn) poindre; Press & Television (→ news) être annoncé; (→ scandal, war) éclater
    (i) (move suddenly) se précipiter, foncer
    (j) (weather) changer; (storm) éclater
    (k) (voice → of boy) muer; (→ with emotion) se briser;
    ∎ she was so upset that her voice kept breaking elle était tellement bouleversée que sa voix se brisait
    (l) (wave) déferler;
    ∎ the sea was breaking against the rocks les vagues se brisaient sur les rochers
    ∎ her waters have broken elle a perdu les eaux
    (n) American familiar (happen) se passer□, arriver□ ;
    ∎ to break right/badly bien/mal se passer
    (o) Linguistics (vowel) se diphtonguer
    (p) Sport (boxers) se dégager;
    ∎ break! break!, stop!
    (q) Sport (ball) dévier
    (r) Sport (in billiards, snooker, pool) donner l'acquit
    ∎ to break even (gen) s'y retrouver; Finance rentrer dans ses frais
    3 noun
    (a) (in china, glass) cassure f, brisure f; (in wood) cassure f, rupture f; Medicine (in bone, limb) fracture f; figurative (with friend, group) rupture f; (in marriage) séparation f;
    ∎ a clean break (in object) une cassure nette; Medicine (in bone) une fracture simple;
    ∎ the break with her husband was a painful experience ça a été très pénible pour elle quand elle s'est séparée de son mari;
    ∎ her break with the party in 1968 sa rupture avec le parti en 1968;
    ∎ to make a clean break with the past rompre avec le passé
    (b) (crack) fissure f, fente f
    (c) (gap → in hedge, wall) trouée f, ouverture f; Geology (→ in rock) faille f; (→ in line) interruption f, rupture f; Typography (→ in word) césure f; (→ in pagination) fin f de page;
    ∎ a break in the clouds une éclaircie
    (d) (interruption → in conversation) interruption f, pause f; (→ in payment) interruption f, suspension f; (→ in trip) arrêt m; (→ in production) suspension f, rupture f; (→ in series) interruption f; Literature & Music pause f; (in jazz) break m;
    ∎ guitar break (in rock) (courte) improvisation f de guitare;
    ∎ Electricity a break in the circuit une coupure de courant;
    ∎ Radio a break for commercials, a (commercial) break un intermède de publicité; Television un écran publicitaire, une page de publicité;
    ∎ Television a break in transmission une interruption des programmes (due à un incident technique)
    (e) (rest) pause f; (holiday) vacances fpl; British School récréation f;
    ∎ let's take a break on fait une pause?;
    ∎ we worked all morning without a break nous avons travaillé toute la matinée sans nous arrêter;
    ∎ he drove for three hours without a break il a conduit trois heures de suite;
    ∎ you need a break (short rest) tu as besoin de faire une pause; (holiday) tu as besoin de vacances;
    ∎ an hour's break for lunch une heure de pause pour le déjeuner;
    ∎ lunch break pause f de midi;
    ∎ do you get a lunch break? tu as une pause à midi?;
    ∎ a weekend in the country makes a pleasant break un week-end à la campagne fait du bien;
    ∎ familiar give me a break! (don't talk nonsense) dis pas n'importe quoi!; (stop nagging) fiche-moi la paix!
    (f) (escape) évasion f, fuite f;
    ∎ Law jail break évasion f (de prison);
    ∎ she made a break for the woods elle s'est élancée vers le bois;
    ∎ to make a break for it prendre la fuite
    (g) familiar (opportunity) chance□ f; (luck) (coup m de) veine f;
    ∎ you get all the breaks! tu en as du pot!;
    ∎ to have a lucky break avoir de la veine;
    ∎ to have a bad break manquer de veine;
    ∎ this could be your big break ça pourrait être la chance de ta vie;
    ∎ she's never had an even break in her life rien n'a jamais été facile dans sa vie;
    ∎ give him a break donne-lui une chance; (he won't do it again) donne-lui une seconde chance
    (h) (change) changement m;
    ∎ a break in the weather un changement de temps;
    ∎ the decision signalled a break with tradition la décision marquait une rupture avec la tradition
    (i) (carriage) break m
    ∎ at break of day au point du jour, à l'aube
    ∎ to have a service break or a break (of serve) (in tennis) avoir une rupture de service (de l'adversaire);
    ∎ to have two break points (in tennis) avoir deux balles de break;
    ∎ he made a 70 break (in snooker, pool etc) il a fait une série de 70
    ►► Computing break character caractère m d'interruption;
    Computing break key touche f d'interruption
    (a) (move away) se détacher; (escape) s'évader;
    ∎ I broke away from the crowd je me suis éloigné de la foule;
    ∎ he broke away from her grasp il s'est dégagé de son étreinte
    (b) (end association with) rompre; (province → from State) se séparer;
    ∎ a group of MPs broke away from the party un groupe de députés a quitté le parti;
    ∎ as a band they have broken away from traditional jazz leur groupe a (complètement) rompu avec le jazz traditionnel
    (c) Sport (in racing, cycling) s'échapper, se détacher du peloton
    détacher;
    ∎ they broke all the fittings away from the walls ils ont décroché toutes les appliques des murs
    (in tennis) = gagner le service de son adversaire après avoir perdu son propre service
    (a) (vehicle, machine) tomber en panne;
    ∎ the car has broken down la voiture est en panne
    (b) (fail → health) se détériorer; (→ authority) disparaître; (→ argument, system, resistance) s'effondrer; (→ negotiations, relations, plan) échouer;
    ∎ radio communications broke down le contact radio a été coupé;
    ∎ their marriage is breaking down leur mariage se désagrège
    ∎ to break down in tears fondre en larmes
    (d) (divide) se diviser;
    ∎ the report breaks down into three parts le rapport comprend ou est composé de trois parties
    (e) Chemistry se décomposer;
    ∎ to break down into sth se décomposer en qch
    (a) (destroy → barrier) démolir, abattre; (→ door) enfoncer; figurative (→ resistance) briser;
    ∎ we must break down old prejudices il faut mettre fin aux vieux préjugés
    (b) (analyse → idea, statistics) analyser; (→ reasons) décomposer; (→ account, figures, expenses) décomposer, ventiler; (→ bill, estimate) détailler; (→ substance) décomposer;
    ∎ the problem can be broken down into three parts le problème peut se décomposer en trois parties
    literary (light) jaillir; (storm, buds) éclater; (blossom) s'épanouir subitement
    (a) (train → person) former; (→ horse) dresser;
    ∎ a month should be enough to break you in to the job un mois devrait suffire pour vous faire ou vous habituer au métier
    (b) (clothing) porter (pour user);
    ∎ I want to break these shoes in je veux que ces chaussures se fassent
    (c) (knock down → door) enfoncer
    (a) Law (burglar) entrer par effraction
    (b) (speaker) interrompre;
    ∎ to break in on sb/sth interrompre qn/qch
    (a) (of burglar) entrer par effraction dans; (drawer) forcer;
    ∎ they broke into the safe ils ont fracturé ou forcé le coffre-fort;
    ∎ they've been broken into three times ils se sont fait cambrioler trois fois
    ∎ the audience broke into applause le public s'est mis à applaudir;
    ∎ to break into a run/sprint se mettre à courir/à sprinter;
    ∎ the horse broke into a gallop le cheval a pris le galop
    (c) (conversation) interrompre
    (d) (start to spend → savings) entamer;
    ∎ I don't want to break into a £20 note je ne veux pas entamer un billet de 20 livres
    (e) Commerce (market) percer sur;
    ∎ the firm has broken into the Japanese market l'entreprise a percé sur le marché japonais
    (a) (separate) se détacher, se casser;
    ∎ a branch has broken off une branche s'est détachée (de l'arbre)
    (b) (stop) s'arrêter brusquement;
    ∎ he broke off in mid-sentence il s'est arrêté au milieu d'une phrase;
    ∎ they broke off from work (for rest) ils ont fait une pause; (for day) ils ont cessé le travail;
    ∎ to break off for ten minutes prendre dix minutes de pause;
    ∎ to break off for lunch s'arrêter pour déjeuner
    ∎ she's broken off with him elle a rompu avec lui
    (a) (separate) détacher, casser;
    ∎ to break sth off sth casser ou détacher qch de qch
    (b) (end → agreement, relationship) rompre;
    ∎ they've broken off their engagement ils ont rompu leurs fiançailles;
    ∎ to break it off (with sb) rompre (avec qn);
    ∎ Italy had broken off diplomatic relations with Libya l'Italie avait rompu ses relations diplomatiques avec la Libye
    (door) enfoncer; (lock, safe, till) forcer; familiar (bottle of wine etc) ouvrir□, déboucher□ ;
    ∎ to break a desk open ouvrir un bureau en forçant la serrure
    (a) (begin → war, storm) éclater; (→ disease, fire) se déclarer; (→ fight) se déclencher
    ∎ to break out in spots or in a rash avoir une éruption de boutons;
    ∎ to break out in a sweat se mettre à transpirer;
    ∎ she broke out in a cold sweat elle s'est mise à avoir des sueurs froides
    (c) (escape) s'échapper;
    ∎ to break out from or of prison s'évader (de prison);
    ∎ we have to break out of this vicious circle il faut que nous sortions de ce cercle vicieux
    (bottle, champagne) ouvrir
    (sun) percer;
    ∎ I broke through the crowd je me suis frayé un chemin à travers la foule;
    ∎ the troops broke through enemy lines les troupes ont enfoncé les lignes ennemies;
    ∎ she eventually broke through his reserve elle a fini par le faire sortir de sa réserve
    percer; figurative & Military faire une percée;
    ∎ figurative his hidden feelings tend to break through in his writing ses sentiments cachés tendent à transparaître ou percer dans ses écrits
    (a) (divide up → rocks) briser, morceler; Law (→ property) morceler; (→ soil) ameublir; (→ bread, cake) partager;
    ∎ she broke the loaf up into four pieces elle a rompu ou partagé la miche en quatre;
    ∎ illustrations break up the text le texte est aéré par des illustrations
    (b) (destroy → house) démolir; (→ road) défoncer
    (c) (end → fight, party) mettre fin à, arrêter; Commerce & Law (→ conglomerate, trust) scinder, diviser; Commerce (→ company) scinder; Politics (→ coalition) briser, rompre; Administration (→ organization) dissoudre; (→ empire) démembrer; (→ family) séparer;
    ∎ his drinking broke up their marriage le fait qu'il buvait a brisé ou détruit leur mariage
    (d) (disperse → crowd) disperser;
    ∎ break it up! (people fighting or arguing) arrêtez!; (said by policeman) circulez!
    (e) familiar (distress) bouleverser, retourner;
    ∎ the news really broke her up la nouvelle l'a complètement bouleversée
    ∎ her stories really break me up! ses histoires me font bien marrer!
    (a) (split into pieces → road, system) se désagréger; (→ ice) craquer, se fissurer; (→ ship) se disloquer;
    ∎ the ship broke up on the rocks le navire s'est disloqué sur les rochers
    (b) (come to an end → meeting, party) se terminer, prendre fin; (→ partnership) cesser, prendre fin; (→ talks, negotiations) cesser;
    ∎ when the meeting broke up à l'issue ou à la fin de la réunion;
    ∎ their marriage broke up leur mariage n'a pas marché
    (c) (boyfriend, girlfriend) rompre;
    ∎ she broke up with her boyfriend elle a rompu avec son petit ami;
    ∎ they've broken up ils se sont séparés
    (d) (disperse → clouds) se disperser; (→ group) se disperser; (→ friends) se quitter, se séparer
    ∎ we break up for Christmas on the 22nd les vacances de Noël commencent le 22;
    ∎ when do we break up? quand est-ce qu'on est en vacances?
    (g) American familiar (laugh) se tordre de rire
    (a) (end association with → person, organization) rompre avec;
    ∎ the defeat caused many people to break with the party la défaite a poussé beaucoup de gens à rompre avec le parti
    (b) (depart from → belief, values) rompre avec;
    ∎ she broke with tradition by getting married away from her village elle a rompu avec la tradition en ne se mariant pas dans son village

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > break

  • 6 check

    tʃek
    1. сущ.
    1) шахм. шах (употр. тж. как межд.) the king is in check ≈ королю объявлен шах to produce a check ≈ сделать шах to discover check ≈ обнаружить шаховую позицию perpetual check ≈ вечный шах
    2) а) задержка, остановка( в развитии, карьере и т. п. из-за какой-л. помехи, препятствия или противодействия) Syn: arrest
    1. б) отпор, отражение нападения Syn: rebuff
    1., repulse
    1. в) потеря охотничьей собакой следа
    3) внезапная остановка;
    пауза, перерыв (при движении, работе) without check
    4) а) ограничивание, сдерживание in check Syn: restraint б) препятствие, ограничитель (любое лицо или предмет, действующие в качестве ограничивающего начала) The magistrate may be necessary as a check on the doctor. ≈ Мировой судья может оказаться необходимым, как некто, кто сможет сдержать доктора. в) амер. мартингал (в верховой езде) Syn: check-rein
    5) а) критерий (стандарт для оценки и проверки) Syn: criterion б) обследование, исследование background check ≈ расследование истории вопроса/проблемы Syn: examination в) контроль, проверка to conduct, make, run a check of/on ≈ осуществлять контроль, проводить проверку clearance check loyalty check Syn: inspection
    6) контрольный штемпель;
    отметка, галочка (знак проверки)
    7) а) ярлык;
    багажная квитанция baggage амер. check ≈ квитанция на получение багажа б) номерок( в гардеробе) в) преим. амер. счет в ресторане г) контрамарка;
    корешок( билета и т. п.)
    8) амер. фишка, марка (в карт. игре) to cash, hand, pass in one's checks ид. ≈ умереть
    9) амер. чек to cash a check ≈ платить по чеку to clear a check ≈ производить выплаты по чеку to cover a check (by making a deposit) ≈ обеспечивать денежное покрытие чека (с помощью депозита) to deposit a check ≈ сделать вклад в банке to draw a check against one's account ≈ выписать чек на чей-л. счет to draw a check on a bank ≈ выписать чек на счет в банке to endorse a check ≈ подписывать чек на какую-л. сумму to issue, make out, write out a check to ≈ выписать чек to kite a check ≈ получать деньги по фиктивным чекам to pass a (bad) check ≈ пустить в обращение фальшивый чек to present a check ≈ предъявить чек to stop payment of/on a check ≈ прекратить выплату по чекам bad check bounced check cashier's check certified check
    10) клетка( на ткани) ;
    клетчатая ткань
    11) с.-х. делянка
    12) трещина, щель( в дереве) Syn: crack
    1., break I
    1.
    2. прил.
    1) контрольный;
    испытательный check experiment ≈ контрольный опыт check ballot ≈ проверочное голосование
    2) клетчатый check shirt ≈ клетчатая рубашка
    3. гл.
    1) шахм. объявлять шах
    2) а) останавливать;
    препятствовать( продвижению) Syn: stop
    2., brake
    2. б) поэт. натягивать( поводья)
    3) а) внезапно остановиться, отшатнуться( от неожиданности, страха;
    проявить осторожность) Syn: stop
    2. б) охот. останавливаться, потеряв след ( об охотничьих собаках)
    4) ограничивать, сдерживать, обуздывать, регулировать He hastily checked the impulse. ≈ Он быстро подавил этот порыв. Mr. Baldwin checked the enthusiasm of his visitors. ≈ Мистер Болдуэн умерил энтузиазм своих гостей. The multiplication of animals is checked only by want of food, and by the hostility of races. ≈ Размножение животных сдерживается только количеством еды и степенью агрессивности других видов. Syn: restrain
    5) а) проверять, сверять How can you check on whether it will rain that day? ≈ Как проверить, будет в тот день идти дождь? We must check the book over before sending it to the printer. ≈ Нам надо еще раз внимательно просмотреть книгу, прежде чем отсылать ее издателю. We must check through the pages to see if any are missing. ≈ Надо просмотреть бумаги, вдруг что-то пропало. Syn: verify б) контролировать Syn: control
    2.
    6) соответствовать, совпадать The description checks with the photograph. ≈ Описание соответствует фотографии.
    7) отмечать галочкой или каким-л. знаком( что-л. проверенное)
    8) амер. выписывать чек to check upon smb. for $500 ≈ выписать на кого-л. чек на 500 долларов
    9) преим. амер. сдавать( в гардероб, в камеру хранения, в багаж и т. п.) They walked out into the club and checked their hats. ≈ Они вошли в клуб и сдали на вешалку свои шляпы.
    10) (ранее диал., в современном употреблении разг.) делать выговор, отчитывать;
    ругать, давать нагоняй Syn: rebuke
    2., reprove
    2., reprimand
    2.
    11) раскрашивать клеткой
    12) а) редк. располагать в шахматном порядке б) амер. размечать на квадраты (землю для дальнейшего засевания)
    13) а) вызывать трещины The sun checks timber. ≈ Солнце заставляет доски растрескиваться. б) покрываться трещинами ∙ Syn: crack
    3., split
    3. ∙ check back check in check off check on check over check out check up check with препятствие, остановка;
    задержка - to serve as a * служить препятствием;
    обуздывать - wind acts as a * on speed ветер мешает быстрой езде - his illness gave a * to our plans его болезнь сорвала наши планы - to keep in * держать в руках, контролировать - keep your emotions in * сдерживайте свои чувства - to keep a * on smb. держать кого-л в руках, не давать воли кому-л - to keep a * on smth. следить за чем-л.;
    контролировать что-л;
    держать что-л. в своих руках - keep a * on your tongue думай, прежде чем говорить преим. (военное) отпор, приостановка наступления или продвижения проверка, контроль - accuracy * проверка точности - spot *s (полиграфия) выборочная корректура, выборочный редакционный просмотр галочка, птичка, отметка ( знак проверки) номерок (в гардеробе) - hat * номерок на шляпу ярлык;
    богажная квитанция - a * for a suitcase квитанция на чемодан контрольный штемпель контрамарка;
    корешок (билета) клетка (рисунок ткани) клетчатая ткань;
    шотландка - do you want a stripe or a *? вам в полоску или в клетку? счет (в ресторане) (шахматное) шах - double * двойной шах - perpetual * вечный шах - * to the king шах королю (сельскохозяйственное) чек, делянка, окруженная валом и затапливаемая водой (сельскохозяйственное) контрольная делянка (охота) потеря (собакой) следа (специальное) трещина, щель (в дереве) ;
    волосная трещина (американизм) (карточное) фишка, марка > *s and balances принцип взаимозависимости и взаимозависимости и взаимоограничения законодательной, исполнительной и судебной власти контрольный, проверочный, испытательный - * analysis контрольный анализ - * cage клетка или садок для контрольных животных - * experiment поверочный опыт - * flight (авиация) контрольный полет - * sample контрольный образец - * station( военное) пункт технического осмотра - * test поверочное испытание клетчатый - * handkerchief клетчатый платок - * system of irrigation (сельскохозяйственное) орошение способом затопления по клеткам запирающий, задерживающий - * dam задерживающая плотина, защитная дамба или плотина - * valve( техническое) запорный клапан, обратный клапан - * work (техническое) периодическое включение и выключение механизма > * wine марочное вино останавливать, сдерживать;
    препятствовать;
    удерживать;
    обуздывать - to * the advance of the enemy приостановить продвижение противника - to * extravagant spending положить конец расточительству - to * anger подавить гнев - to * the growth замедлять рост - he *ed his impetuous son он сдерживал своего необузданного сына - to * a fire остановить пожар - to * oneself остановиться, удержаться;
    сдержаться - she *ed herself она не договорила - he *ed himself just as he was about to blurt out his indignation он подавил готовые вырваться слова негодования проверять, контролировать;
    ревизовать;
    сличать;
    расследовать - to * figures проверять цифры - to * by sight проверять на глаз - to * for errors корректировать, исправлять - to * an instrument выверять прибор - to * one's speed контролировать скорость - * into the matter разберитесь в этом деле - * bearing! (специальное) проверить пеленг!, взять контрольный пеленг! (команда) проверять, выяснять;
    убеждаться( в чем-л.) - we must * on him его надо проверить - to * on a statement проверить правильность какого-л утверждения - to * on the past experience of the applicants выяснить уровень квалификации претендентов на должность сверять, сличать - * your watch with the tower clock проверьте свои часы по башенным (американизм) соответствовать. совпадать - his statement *s with yours его заявление совпадает с вашим - the description *s with the photograph описание соответствует фотографии (американизм) сдавать (в гардероб, в камеру хранения, в багаж) - have you *ed all your luggage? вы все свои вещи сдали в багаж? - * in your coat and hat cдайте в гардероб пальто и шляпу принимать на хранение - the hotel *ed our baggage гостиница приняла на хранение наш багаж отмечать галочкой, значком - how many mistakes did the teacher *? сколько ошибок учитель отметил (птичкой) ? (шахматное) объявлять шах (карточное) пасовать располагать в шахматном порядке делать выговор;
    давать нагоняй;
    разносить( сельскохозяйственное) приостанавливать( рост) (специальное) делать щели;
    вызывать трещины (специальное) покрываться трещинами, щелями (устаревшее) внезапно остановиться (перед чем-л) ;
    отшатнуться (от чего-л) (морское) травить( шахматное) шах! (просторечие) ладно!, точно!, договорились! (американизм) (финансовое) чек - bank * банковский чек - сertified * удостоверенный чек, чек с надписью банка о принятии к платежу - crossed * кроссированный чек - town * чек на банк в Лондонском Сити - traveller's * дорожный чек( американизм) выписывать чек - to * upon a banker for $100 выдать чек на какой-л. банк на сумму в 100 долларов access ~ вчт. контроль доступа automatic ~ вчт. автоматический контроль bias ~ профилактический контроль block ~ вчт. контроль блоков block ~ вчт. проверка по блокам bound ~ вчт. контроль границ built-in ~ вчт. встроенный контроль bus-out ~ вчт. контроль выходной шины ~ attr. клетчатый;
    to keep (или to hold) in check сдерживать;
    to cash (или to hand, to pass) in one's checks умереть cashier's ~ кассирский чек check багажная квитанция ~ делать выговор;
    давать нагоняй ~ делать выговор ~ задержка ~ клетка (на материи) ;
    клетчатая ткань ~ контрамарка;
    корешок (билета и т. п.) ~ контрамарка ~ контролировать ~ контроль, проверка;
    loyalty check амер. проверка лояльности( государственных служащих) ~ контроль ~ контрольный штемпель;
    галочка (знак проверки) ~ корешок, номерок ~ корешок билета ~ номерок (в гардеробе) ~ обуздывать ~ шахм. объявлять шах ~ останавливать(ся) ;
    сдерживать;
    препятствовать ~ останавливать ~ остановка ~ отметка в документе ~ отметка о проверке ~ отмечать галочкой ~ переводной вексель, оплачиваемый по предъявлении ~ потеря охотничьей собакой следа ~ препятствие;
    остановка;
    задержка;
    without check без задержки, безостановочно ~ препятствие ~ препятствовать ~ принимать на хранение ~ проверка ~ проверять, контролировать ~ проверять ~ располагать в шахматном порядке ~ расследовать ~ ревизовать ~ амер. сдавать (в гардероб, в камеру хранения, в багаж и т. п.) ;
    check in сдавать под расписку;
    регистрировать (ся), записывать(ся) ~ сдерживать ~ сличать ~ трещина, щель (в дереве) ~ амер. фишка, марка (в карт. игре) ~ амер. чек ~ (амер.) чек ~ чек ~ шахм. шах (употр. тж. как int) ;
    the king is in check королю объявлен шах ~ ярлык;
    багажная квитанция ~ against проверять на соответствие ~ attr. клетчатый;
    to keep (или to hold) in check сдерживать;
    to cash (или to hand, to pass) in one's checks умереть ~ attr. контрольный;
    check experiment контрольный опыт;
    check ballot проверочное голосование ~ attr. контрольный;
    check experiment контрольный опыт;
    check ballot проверочное голосование ~ attr. контрольный;
    check experiment контрольный опыт;
    check ballot проверочное голосование ~ амер. сдавать (в гардероб, в камеру хранения, в багаж и т. п.) ;
    check in сдавать под расписку;
    регистрировать (ся), записывать(ся) ~ in отмечаться при приходе на работу ~ in регистрировать ~ in сдавать на хранение ~ in сдавать под расписку ~ off отмечать галочкой ~ off удерживать из заработной платы ~ out освободить номер в гостинице ~ out амер. отметиться при уходе с работы по окончании рабочего дня ~ out отмечаться при уходе с работы ~ out радио отстроиться ~ out оформлять выдачу ~ out оформлять получение ~ out подсчитывать стоимость покупок и выбивать чек ~ out амер. уйти в отставку ~ the figures проверять расчеты ~ up проверять ~ with совпадать, соответствовать claim ~ квитанция на получение заказа, вещей после ремонта claim ~ квитанция на получение товара code ~ вчт. проверка программы compile-time ~ вчт. статическая проверка composition ~ вчт. проверка плотности composition ~ вчт. проверка полноты computation ~ вчт. проверка вычислений consistency ~ вчт. проверка на непротиворечивость control totals ~ вчт. проверка с помощью контрольных сумм copy ~ вчт. контроль дублированием copy ~ проверка копии credibility ~ проверка правдоподобия cross ~ вчт. перекрестный контроль current ~ вчт. текущий контроль customs ~ таможенный досмотр customs ~ таможенный контроль customs ~ таможенный чек cyclic redundancy ~ вчт. контроль циклическим избыточным кодом data ~ вчт. контроль данных data-type ~ вчт. контроль типов данных desk ~ вчт. проверка программы за столом diagnostic ~ вчт. диагностический контроль dump ~ вчт. контроль по распечатке duplication ~ вчт. контроль дублированием dynamic ~ вчт. динамический контроль edit ~ вчт. контрольное редактирование error ~ вчт. контроль ошибок even-odd ~ вчт. контроль по четности even-parity ~ вчт. контроль по четности false-code ~ вчт. контроль запрещенных комбинаций flag ~ вчт. флаговый контроль format ~ вчт. контроль формата functional ~ вчт. функциональная проверка gate ~ пропускной контроль hardware ~ вчт. аппаратный контроль hierarchical ~ вчт. иерархический контроль high-low bias ~ вчт. граничная проверка horizontal redundancy ~ вчт. поперечный контроль illegal-command ~ вчт. контроль запрещенных команд imparity ~ вчт. контроль по нечетности imparity ~ вчт. проверка на нечетность improper-command ~ вчт. контроль запрещенных команд in-line ~ вчт. встроенный контроль in-line ~ вчт. оперативный контроль input ~ вчт. входный контроль internal ~ вчт. внутренний контроль internal ~ внутренняя проверка ~ attr. клетчатый;
    to keep (или to hold) in check сдерживать;
    to cash (или to hand, to pass) in one's checks умереть ~ шахм. шах (употр. тж. как int) ;
    the king is in check королю объявлен шах lexical ~ вчт. лексический контроль limit ~ проверка возможностей line-by-line ~ вчт. построчная проверка loop ~ вчт. контроль путем обратной передачи ~ контроль, проверка;
    loyalty check амер. проверка лояльности (государственных служащих) marginal ~ вчт. граничная проверка marginal ~ вчт. профилактический котроль naught ~ вчт. проверка на ноль negative ~ вчт. проверка на отрицательное значение odd-even ~ вчт. контроль по четности odd-even ~ вчт. контроль четности odd-parity ~ вчт. контроль четности on-line rule ~ вчт. оперативная проверка правила on-the-spot ~ контроль на месте overflow ~ вчт. контроль переполнения page ~ вчт. групповой страничный контроль parity ~ вчт. контроль по четности parity ~ вчт. контроль четности pass-out ~ амер. = passout pass-out ~ амер. = passout passcheck: passcheck = passout passport ~ паспортный контроль peak-a-boo ~ вчт. проверка на просчет photocell ligth ~ оптический контроль postmortem ~ вчт. постконтроль privacy ~ вчт. проверка конфиденциальности program ~ вчт. проверка программы program ~ вчт. программный контроль programmed ~ вчт. программный контроль quality ~ проверка качества random ~ выборочная проверка random sample ~ проверка случайной выборки range ~ вчт. контроль границ range ~ вчт. контроль попадания read-back ~ вчт. эхопроверка reasonability ~ вчт. проверка на непротиворечивость reasonability ~ вчт. смысловая проверка redundancy ~ вчт. контроль за счет избыточности residue ~ вчт. контроль по остатку reversal ~ вчт. реверсивная проверка rights ~ вчт. проверка прав routine ~ обычная проверка routine ~ вчт. программный контроль routine ~ текущая проверка run-time ~ вчт. динамическая проверка run-time ~ вчт. динамический контроль security ~ проверка безопасности selection ~ вчт. выборочный контроль semantic ~ вчт. семантический контроль sequence ~ вчт. контроль порядка следования sequence ~ comp. контроль порядка следования sequence ~ comp. проверка упорядоченности sight ~ вчт. визуальный контроль sight ~ вчт. проверка на просвет sign ~ вчт. контроль по знаку special crossed ~ специальный кроссированный чек spelling ~ comp. орфографическая проверка spot ~ выборочная проверка spot ~ выборочная ревизия spot ~ проверка на выборку static ~ вчт. статический контроль status ~ comp. контроль состояния stock ~ проверка состояния запасов store ~ проверка состояния запасов structural ~ вчт. структурный контроль sum ~ контроль по сумме sum ~ контроль суммированием sum ~ вчт. проверка по сумме sum ~ проверка по сумме sum ~ проверка суммированием summation ~ вчт. контроль суммированием summation ~ контроль суммированием summation ~ проверка суммированием summation ~ вчт. проверка суммирования syntactic ~ вчт. синтаксический контроль system ~ вчт. системный контроль systems ~ проверка состояния систем technical ~ технический контроль test ~ контрольная проверка test ~ контрольное испытание test ~ вчт. тестовый контроль total ~ вчт. проверка по сумме transfer ~ вчт. контроль передачи transfer ~ переводной чек tranverce ~ вчт. поперечный контроль twin ~ вчт. двойной счет type ~ вчт. контроль соответствия типов type ~ вчт. контроль типов validity ~ вчт. контроль правильности validity ~ вчт. проверка адекватности validity ~ вчт. проверка достоверности validity ~ вчт. проверка на достоверность wired-in ~ вчт. аппаратный контроль wired-in ~ вчт. встроенный аппаратный контроль ~ препятствие;
    остановка;
    задержка;
    without check без задержки, безостановочно

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > check

  • 7 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 8 Almeida, Antônio josé de

    (1866-1929)
       Leading political figure in the First Republic, stalwart of republican politics, and the only president of the republic to serve a full term of office during that political experience (1910-26). Like a number of the leading political figures of his generation, Almeida was educated at Coimbra University's medical school and was a staunch republican opponent of the monarchy. Almeida was reputedly the finest speaker and debater of the republican leaders. When the provisional government was named following the Republican Revolution of 5 October 1910, Almeida was included. Compared to Afonso Costa, a moderate republican, Almeida was involved in the fragmenting of the Republican Party (PRP) in 1911-12 and formed an alternate Republican Party, the Evolutionist Republican Party (PRE) or Evolutionists. Almeida headed one government as prime minister (1916-17), but rapidly became exhausted and disillusioned by the First Republic's unstable, ineffective politics and government. After the assassination of Sidónio Pais in late 1918, and the failed right-wing revolution of 1919, Almeida declared himself nonpartisan and his party, the PRE, was dissolved. Loyal to the idea of the republic, however, Almeida wished to serve in some capacity. Due to his image of being above the political fray, he was elected by the congress as president of the republic and served his full term (1919-23). Prematurely aged by the experience, he withdrew from politics and died in Lisbon in 1929.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Almeida, Antônio josé de

  • 9 know

    A vtr ( prét knew ; pp known)
    1 ( have knowledge of) connaître [person, place, characteristics, name, taste, opinion, result, figures, value, rules, decision, situation, system, way] ; savoir, connaître [answer, language, reason, truth, words] ; he knows everything/something il sait tout/quelque chose ; to know sb by name/sight/reputation connaître qn de nom/vue/réputation ; you know Frank, he's always late tu connais Frank, il est toujours en retard ; to know sth by heart savoir or connaître qch par cœur ; to know how to do savoir faire ; ( stressing method) savoir comment faire ; I know how to swim je sais nager ; she knows how to improve it/use it elle sait comment l'améliorer/l'utiliser ; he certainly knows how to upset people/make a mess iron pour contrarier les gens/faire du désordre, il s'y connaît ○ ; to know that… savoir que… ; to know for certain ou for sure that… savoir avec certitude que… ; I wasn't to know that je ne pouvais pas savoir que ; to know who/when savoir qui/quand ; to know why/whether savoir pourquoi/si ; to know what love is savoir ce que c'est que l'amour ; you know what children are/she is tu sais comment sont les enfants/elle est ; to know sb/sth as connaître qn/qch sous le nom de ; Edward, better known as Ted Edward, plus connu sous le nom de Ted ; Virginia known as Ginny to her friends Virginia ou Ginny pour ses amis ; I know him for ou to be a liar je sais que c'est un menteur ; to let it be known ou to make it known that faire savoir que ; to have known sb/sth to do avoir déjà vu qn/ qch faire ; I've never known him to lose his temper je ne l'ai jamais vu se mettre en colère ; it has been known to snow there il est arrivé qu'il neige ici ; if I know you/him tel que je te/le connais ; he is known to the police il est connu de la police ; just how well did you know the accused? iron dans quelle mesure connaissiez-vous ou ne connaissiez-vous pas l'inculpé? ; I know all about redundancy! je sais ce que c'est que le chômage! ; as you well know comme tu le sais bien ; as well she knows elle le sait parfaitement ; (do) you know something?, do you know what? tu sais quoi? ; there's no knowing how/whether on ne peut pas savoir comment/si ; to know one's way home connaître le chemin pour rentrer chez soi ; to know one's way around fig savoir se débrouiller ; to know one's way around a town bien connaître une ville ; to know one's way around a computer/an engine savoir se débrouiller avec les ordinateurs/les moteurs ; I know that for a fact j'en suis absolument sûr ; I know what! you could… j'ai une idée! tu pourrais… ; he knows all/nothing about it il est/il n'est pas au courant ; maybe you know something I don't peut-être que tu sais quelque chose que je ne sais pas ;
    2 ( feel certain) être sûr ; he's dead, I know it il est mort, j'en suis sûr ; I knew it! j'en étais sûr! ; to know that… être sûr que… ; I know my key is here somewhere je suis sûr que ma clé est quelque part par ici ; I don't know that we can je ne suis pas sûr que nous le puissions ; I don't know that I want to go really je ne suis pas vraiment sûr d'avoir envie d'y aller ; I don't know that opening the window/taking medicine will make much difference je ne pense pas que le fait d'ouvrir la fenêtre/de prendre des médicaments puisse changer quelque chose ;
    3 ( realize) se rendre compte ; to know to do savoir qu'il faut faire ; does he know to switch off the light? sait-il qu'il faut éteindre? ; do you know how expensive that is? tu te rends compte combien ça coûte? ; she doesn't know just how lucky she's been elle ne se rend pas compte de la chance qu'elle a eue ; you don't know how pleased I am tu ne peux pas savoir comme je suis content ; she's attractive and doesn't she know it! elle est séduisante et elle le sait! ; don't I know it! ne m'en parle pas! ;
    4 ( recognize) reconnaître (by à ; from de) ; I hardly knew him je l'ai à peine reconnu ; I know her by her walk je la reconnais à sa démarche ; she doesn't know a peach from a plum! elle ne sait pas reconnaître une pêche d'une prune! ; only their parents know one from the other il n'y a que leurs parents qui sachent les distinguer ; she knows a bargain when she sees one elle sait repérer les bonnes affaires ;
    5 ( acknowledge) to be known for sth être connu pour qch ; to be known for doing être connu pour faire ; he's known for providing a good service il est connu pour offrir un bon service ;
    6 ( experience) connaître [joy, sadness, love] ; you have to know sorrow to know what happiness is il faut avoir connu le chagrin pour savoir ce qu'est le bonheur ;
    7 ‡ Bible connaître†.
    B vi ( prét knew ; pp known)
    1 ( have knowledge) savoir ; as you know comme vous le savez ; you'll know next time tu le sauras pour la prochaine fois ; I wouldn't know je ne saurais dire ; to know about ( have information) être au courant de [event] ; ( have skill) s'y connaître en [computing, engines] ; he knows about such things il s'y connaît ; to know of ( from experience) connaître ; ( from information) avoir entendu parler de ; do you know of a short cut? est-ce que tu connais un raccourci? ; I know of somebody who… j'ai entendu parler de quelqu'un qui… ; not that I know of pas que je sache ; to let sb know of ou about tenir qn au courant de [plans, arrangement, job] ; we'll let you know nous vous tiendrons au courant ; how should I know ○ ! comment veux-tu que je sache! ; if you must know si tu veux tout savoir ; wouldn't you like ou love to know t'aimerais bien le savoir ○ ; if you drop it on your foot, you'll know about it ○ si tu le laisses tomber sur ton pied, tu vas le sentir passer ○ ; if the brakes fail, you'll know about it si les freins lâchent tu t'en rendras compte ; if I were angry with you, you'd know about it si j'étais fâché contre toi, je te le ferais savoir ; I'd ou I'll have you know ○ je te signale ○ ; you know better than to argue with him tu as mieux à faire que de te disputer avec lui ; you left her alone? you ought to have known better tu l'as laissée seule? tu n'aurais pas dû ; he says he came home early but I know better il dit qu'il est rentré tôt mais je n'en crois rien ; they don't know any better c'est un manque d'éducation ; they don't know any better, you do! eux ils ne savent peut-être pas, mais toi tu n'as aucune excuse! ;
    2 ( feel certain) ‘he won't win’-‘oh I don't know’ ‘il ne va pas gagner’-‘oh je n'en suis pas si sûr’ ; ‘I'll take the morning off’-‘I don't know about that! ’ ‘je vais prendre ma matinée’-‘c'est ce que vous croyez?’ ; ‘is it useful?’-‘I don't know about useful, but it was cheap’ ‘c'est utile?’-‘je ne sais pas si c'est utile mais ce n'était pas cher’ ; I don't know about you but… je ne sais ce que tu en penses, mais… ; I don't know! look at this mess! non mais ○, regarde un peu ce fouillis!
    it takes one to know one qui se ressemble s'assemble ; not to know what to do with oneself ne pas savoir quoi faire de son temps ; not to know where ou which way to turn fig ne pas savoir à quel saint se vouer ; not to know where to put oneself ne pas savoir où se mettre ; not to know whether one is coming or going ne plus savoir ce qu'on fait ; it's not what you know but who you know ce qui compte ce n'est pas d'avoir des connaissances mais des relations ; to be in the know ○ être bien informé, être à la coule ◑ ; to be in the know about sth ○ être au courant de qch ; I know my place hum je sais que je ne compte pas ; well what do you know! iron en voilà une surprise! iron.

    Big English-French dictionary > know

  • 10 stand

    stand [stænd]
    stand ⇒ 1 (a) étal ⇒ 1 (a) support ⇒ 1 (b) plate-forme ⇒ 1 (c) tribune ⇒ 1 (c), 1 (d) barre ⇒ 1 (f) position ⇒ 1 (g) mettre ⇒ 2 (a) poser ⇒ 2 (a) supporter ⇒ 2 (b)-(d) se lever ⇒ 3 (a) être debout ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (c) être ⇒ 3 (b), 3 (e), 3 (f) se tenir ⇒ 3 (b) reposer ⇒ 3 (d), 3 (g) se trouver ⇒ 3 (e) rester ⇒ 3 (g) rester valable ⇒ 3 (h) se classer ⇒ 3 (j)
    (pt & pp stood [stʊd])
    1 noun
    (a) (stall, booth → at exhibition, trade fair) stand m; (→ in market) étal m, éventaire m; (kiosk) kiosque m;
    ∎ a shooting stand un stand de tir;
    ∎ newspaper stand kiosque m (à journaux)
    (b) (frame, support → gen) support m; (→ for lamp, sink) pied m; (→ on bicycle, motorbike) béquille f; (→ for pipes, guns) râtelier m; Commerce (→ for magazines, sunglasses) présentoir m; (lectern) lutrin m;
    ∎ bicycle stand (in street) râtelier m à bicyclettes;
    ∎ plant stand sellette f;
    ∎ plate stand support m à assiette, présentoir m;
    ∎ Commerce revolving stand tourniquet m, présentoir m rotatif
    (c) (platform → gen) plate-forme f; (→ for speaker) tribune f; (pulpit) chaire f
    (d) (in sports ground) tribune f;
    ∎ the stands roared un rugissement s'éleva des tribunes ou des gradins
    ∎ (taxi) stand station f de taxis
    (f) (in courtroom) barre f;
    ∎ the first witness took the stand le premier témoin est venu à la barre
    (g) (position, stance) position f;
    ∎ to take a stand on sth prendre position sur qch;
    ∎ what's your stand on the issue? quelle est votre position sur la question?;
    ∎ he refuses to take a stand il refuse de prendre position
    (h) Military & figurative (defensive effort) résistance f, opposition f;
    ∎ to make a stand résister;
    ∎ they made a stand at the foot of the hill ils ont résisté au pied de la colline;
    ∎ to make a stand against an abuse s'opposer résolument à un abus;
    ∎ History Custer's last stand la dernière bataille de Custer
    (i) (of trees) bosquet m, futaie f; (of crop) récolte f sur pied;
    ∎ a fine stand of corn un beau champ de blé;
    ∎ a stand of bamboo un massif de bambous
    (a) (set, place) mettre, poser;
    ∎ he stood the boy on a chair il a mis le garçon debout sur une chaise;
    ∎ she stood her umbrella in the corner elle a mis son parapluie dans le coin;
    ∎ to stand sth on (its) end mettre qch debout;
    ∎ help me stand the bedstead against the wall aide-moi à dresser le sommier ou mettre le sommier debout contre le mur
    (b) (endure, withstand) supporter;
    ∎ his heart couldn't stand the shock son cœur n'a pas résisté au ou n'a pas supporté le choc;
    ∎ it will stand high temperatures without cracking cela peut résister à ou supporter des températures élevées sans se fissurer;
    ∎ how much weight can the bridge stand? quel poids le pont peut-il supporter?;
    ∎ the motor wasn't built to stand intensive use le moteur n'a pas été conçu pour supporter un usage intensif;
    ∎ wool carpeting can stand a lot of hard wear les moquettes en laine sont très résistantes;
    ∎ she's not strong enough to stand another operation elle n'est pas assez forte pour supporter une nouvelle opération;
    ∎ he certainly doesn't stand comparison with Bogart il n'est absolument pas possible de le comparer avec Bogart;
    ∎ their figures don't stand close inspection leurs chiffres ne résistent pas à un examen sérieux
    (c) (put up with, bear → toothache, cold) supporter; (→ behaviour) supporter, tolérer;
    ∎ I can't stand it any longer! je n'en peux plus!;
    ∎ how can you stand working with him? comment est-ce que vous faites pour ou comment arrivez-vous à travailler avec lui?;
    ∎ I've had as much as I can stand of your griping! j'en ai assez de tes jérémiades!;
    ∎ if there's one thing I can't stand, it's hypocrisy s'il y a quelque chose que je ne supporte pas, c'est bien l'hypocrisie;
    ∎ I can't stand (the sight of) him! je ne peux pas le supporter!, je ne peux pas le voir en peinture!;
    ∎ she can't stand Wagner/smokers elle ne peut pas supporter Wagner/les fumeurs;
    ∎ he can't stand flying il déteste prendre l'avion
    (d) familiar (do with, need) supporter□, avoir besoin de□ ;
    ∎ oil company profits could certainly stand a cut une diminution de leurs bénéfices ne ferait aucun mal aux compagnies pétrolières;
    ∎ he could stand a bath! un bain ne lui ferait pas de mal!;
    ∎ American could I stand a drink! je prendrais bien un petit verre!
    (e) (perform duty of) remplir la fonction de;
    ∎ to stand witness for sb (at marriage) être le témoin de qn
    ∎ to stand sb a meal payer un repas à qn;
    ∎ British I'll stand you a drink, American I'll stand you to a drink je t'offre un verre
    ∎ to stand a chance (of doing sth) avoir de bonnes chances (de faire qch);
    ∎ you don't stand a chance! vous n'avez pas la moindre chance!;
    ∎ the plans stand little chance of being approved les projets ont peu de chances d'être approuvés
    (a) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;
    ∎ he refused to stand for the national anthem il a refusé de se lever pendant l'hymne national
    (b) (be on one's feet) être debout, se tenir debout; (in a specified location, posture) être, se tenir;
    ∎ I've been standing all day je suis resté debout toute la journée;
    ∎ I had to stand all the way j'ai dû voyager debout pendant tout le trajet;
    ∎ she was so tired she could hardly stand elle était si fatiguée qu'elle avait du mal à tenir debout ou sur ses jambes;
    ∎ wear flat shoes if you have to stand a lot portez des chaussures à talons plats si vous devez rester debout pendant des heures;
    ∎ I don't mind standing ça ne me gêne pas de rester debout;
    ∎ don't stand near the edge ne restez pas près du bord;
    ∎ don't just stand there, do something! ne restez pas là à ne rien faire!;
    ∎ stand clear! écartez-vous!;
    ∎ I saw her standing at the window je l'ai vue (debout) à la fenêtre;
    ∎ a man stood in the doorway un homme se tenait à la porte;
    ∎ do you see that man standing over there? vous voyez cet homme là-bas?;
    ∎ where should I stand? - beside Yvonne où dois-je me mettre? - à côté d'Yvonne;
    ∎ I'll be standing outside the theatre j'attendrai devant le théâtre;
    ∎ small groups of men stood talking at street corners des hommes discutaient par petits groupes au coin des rues;
    ∎ he was standing at the bar il était debout au comptoir;
    ∎ is there a chair I can stand on? y a-t-il une chaise sur laquelle je puisse monter?;
    ∎ they were standing a little way off ils se tenaient un peu à l'écart;
    ∎ excuse me, you're standing on my foot excusez-moi, vous me marchez sur le pied;
    ∎ American to stand in line faire la queue;
    ∎ School stand in the corner! au coin!;
    ∎ to stand upright or erect se tenir droit;
    ∎ he was so nervous he couldn't stand still il était si nerveux qu'il ne tenait pas en place;
    ∎ I stood perfectly still, hoping they wouldn't see me je me suis figé sur place en espérant qu'ils ne me verraient pas;
    ∎ stand still! ne bougez pas!, ne bougez plus!;
    ∎ stand with your feet apart écartez les pieds;
    ∎ the heron was standing on one leg le héron se tenait debout sur une patte;
    ∎ to stand on tiptoe se tenir sur la pointe des pieds;
    ∎ stand and deliver! la bourse ou la vie!;
    ∎ figurative to stand on one's own two feet se débrouiller tout seul;
    ∎ figurative he left the others standing (gen) il était de loin le meilleur; (in race) il a laissé les autres sur place
    (c) (be upright → post, target etc) être debout;
    ∎ not a stone (of the building) was left standing le bâtiment était complètement détruit;
    ∎ the house is still standing la maison tient toujours debout;
    ∎ the aqueduct has stood for centuries l'aqueduc est là depuis des siècles;
    ∎ the wheat stood high les blés étaient hauts
    (d) (be supported, be mounted) reposer;
    ∎ the coffin stood on trestles le cercueil reposait sur des tréteaux;
    ∎ the house stands on solid foundations la maison repose ou est bâtie sur des fondations solides;
    ∎ figurative this argument stands on three simple facts ce raisonnement repose sur trois simples faits
    (e) (be located → building, tree, statue) se trouver; (→ clock, vase, lamp) être, être posé;
    ∎ the fort stands on a hill la forteresse se trouve en haut d'une colline;
    ∎ this is where the city gates once stood c'est ici qu'autrefois se dressaient les portes de la ville;
    ∎ the piano stood in the centre of the room le piano était au centre ou occupait le centre de la pièce;
    ∎ the bottles stood in rows of five les bouteilles étaient disposées en rangées de cinq;
    ∎ do you see the lorry standing next to my car? vous voyez le camion qui est à côté de ma voiture?;
    ∎ a wardrobe stood against one wall il y avait une armoire contre un mur
    (f) (indicating current state of affairs, situation) être;
    ∎ how do things stand? où en est la situation?;
    ∎ how do we stand? (in work etc) où en sommes-nous?; (financially) où en sont nos comptes?;
    ∎ I'd like to know where I stand with you j'aimerais savoir où en sont les choses entre nous;
    ∎ I don't know where I stand j'ignore quelle est ma situation ou ma position;
    ∎ you never know how or where you stand with her on ne sait jamais sur quel pied danser avec elle;
    ∎ as things stand, as matters stand telles que les choses se présentent;
    ∎ he's dissatisfied with the contract as it stands il n'est pas satisfait du contrat tel qu'il a été rédigé;
    ∎ just print the text as it stands imprimez le texte tel quel;
    ∎ he stands accused of rape il est accusé de viol;
    ∎ she stands alone in advocating this approach elle est la seule à préconiser cette approche;
    ∎ I stand corrected je reconnais m'être trompé ou mon erreur;
    ∎ the doors stood wide open les portes étaient grandes ouvertes;
    ∎ I've got a taxi standing ready j'ai un taxi qui attend;
    ∎ the police are standing ready to intervene la police se tient prête à intervenir;
    ∎ the party stands united behind him le parti est uni derrière lui;
    ∎ no-one stands above the law personne n'est au-dessus des lois;
    ∎ to stand at (gauge, barometer) indiquer; (score) être de; (unemployment) avoir atteint;
    ∎ their turnover now stands at three million pounds leur chiffre d'affaires atteint désormais les trois millions de livres;
    ∎ the exchange rate stands at 5 francs to the dollar le taux de change est de 5 francs pour un dollar;
    ∎ we're standing right behind you nous sommes avec vous;
    ∎ with the union standing behind him avec le soutien du syndicat;
    ∎ nothing stood between her and victory rien ne pouvait désormais l'empêcher de gagner;
    ∎ it's the only thing standing between us and financial disaster c'est la seule chose qui nous empêche de sombrer dans un désastre financier;
    ∎ to stand in need of… avoir besoin de…;
    ∎ he stands in danger of losing his job il risque de perdre son emploi;
    ∎ I stood lost in admiration j'en suis resté béat d'admiration;
    ∎ to stand in sb's way bloquer le passage à qn;
    ∎ figurative don't stand in my way! n'essaie pas de m'en empêcher!;
    ∎ nothing stands in our way now maintenant, la voie est libre;
    ∎ if you want to leave school I'm not going to stand in your way si tu veux quitter l'école, je ne m'y opposerai pas;
    ∎ it's his lack of experience that stands in his way c'est son manque d'expérience qui le handicape;
    ∎ their foreign debt stands in the way of economic recovery leur dette extérieure constitue un obstacle à la reprise économique;
    ∎ her pride is the only thing standing in the way of their reconciliation son orgueil est le seul obstacle à leur réconciliation
    (g) (remain) rester; (be left undisturbed → marinade, dough) reposer; (→ tea) infuser;
    ∎ the machines stood idle les machines étaient arrêtées;
    ∎ the houses stood empty awaiting demolition les maisons, vidées de leurs occupants, attendaient d'être démolies;
    ∎ time stood still le temps semblait s'être arrêté;
    ∎ the car has been standing in the garage for a year ça fait un an que la voiture n'a pas bougé du garage;
    ∎ I've decided to let my flight reservation stand j'ai décidé de ne pas changer ma réservation d'avion;
    ∎ let the mixture stand until the liquid is clear laissez reposer le mélange jusqu'à ce que le liquide se clarifie;
    ∎ the champion stands unbeaten le champion reste invaincu;
    ∎ his theory stood unchallenged for a decade pendant dix ans, personne n'a remis en cause sa théorie;
    ∎ the government will stand or fall on the outcome of this vote le maintien ou la chute du gouvernement dépend du résultat de ce vote;
    ∎ united we stand, divided we fall l'union fait la force
    (h) (be valid, effective → offer, law) rester valable; (→ decision) rester inchangé;
    ∎ my invitation still stands vous êtes toujours invité;
    ∎ the verdict stands unless there's an appeal le jugement reste valable à moins que l'on ne fasse appel;
    ∎ even with this new plan, our objection still stands ce nouveau projet ne remet pas en cause notre objection première;
    ∎ the bet stands le pari tient;
    ∎ what you said last week, does that still stand? et ce que tu as dit la semaine dernière, ça tient toujours?
    (i) (measure → person, tree) mesurer;
    ∎ she stands 5 feet in her stocking feet elle mesure moins de 1,50 m pieds nus;
    ∎ the building stands ten storeys high l'immeuble compte dix étages
    (j) (rank) se classer, compter;
    ∎ this hotel stands among the best in the world cet hôtel figure parmi les meilleurs du monde;
    ∎ American she stands first/last in her class elle est la première/la dernière de sa classe;
    ∎ I know she stands high in your opinion je sais que tu as une très bonne opinion d'elle;
    ∎ for price and quality, it stands high on my list en ce qui concerne le prix et la qualité, je le range ou le compte parmi les meilleurs
    ∎ how or where does he stand on the nuclear issue? quelle est sa position ou son point de vue sur la question du nucléaire?;
    ∎ you ought to tell them where you stand vous devriez leur faire part de votre position
    ∎ to stand to lose risquer de perdre;
    ∎ to stand to win avoir des chances de gagner;
    ∎ they stand to make a huge profit on the deal ils ont des chances de faire un bénéfice énorme dans cette affaire;
    ∎ no one stands to gain from a quarrel like this personne n'a rien à gagner d'une telle querelle
    (m) British (run in election) se présenter, être candidat;
    ∎ she stood for Waltham elle a été candidate à la circonscription de Waltham;
    ∎ will he stand for re-election? va-t-il se représenter aux élections?;
    ∎ she's standing as an independent elle se présente en tant que candidate indépendante
    (n) American (stop) s'arrêter (pour un court instant);
    ∎ no standing (sign) arrêt interdit
    (o) American (pay) payer la tournée;
    ∎ you're standing c'est ta tournée
    rester là;
    ∎ we stood about or around waiting for the flight announcement nous restions là à attendre que le vol soit annoncé;
    ∎ the prisoners stood about or around in small groups les prisonniers se tenaient par petits groupes;
    ∎ after Mass, the men stand about or around in the square après la messe, les hommes s'attardent sur la place;
    ∎ I can't afford to pay people to stand around all day doing nothing je n'ai pas les moyens de payer les gens à ne rien faire;
    ∎ I'm not just going to stand about waiting for you to make up your mind! je n'ai pas l'intention de rester là à attendre que tu te décides!
    (move aside) s'écarter;
    ∎ stand aside, someone's fainted! écartez-vous, quelqu'un s'est évanoui!;
    ∎ he politely stood aside to let us pass il s'écarta ou s'effaça poliment pour nous laisser passer;
    ∎ figurative to stand aside in favour of sb (gen) laisser la voie libre à qn; Politics se désister en faveur de qn
    (a) (move back) reculer, s'écarter;
    ∎ stand back from the doors! écartez-vous des portes!;
    ∎ she stood back to look at herself in the mirror elle recula pour se regarder dans la glace;
    ∎ the painting is better if you stand back from it le tableau est mieux si vous prenez du recul
    (b) (be set back) être en retrait ou à l'écart;
    ∎ the house stands back from the road la maison est en retrait (de la route)
    (c) (take mental distance) prendre du recul;
    ∎ I need to stand back and take stock j'ai besoin de prendre du recul et de faire le point
    (a) (support → person) soutenir;
    ∎ I'll stand by you through thick and thin je te soutiendrai ou je resterai à tes côtés quoi qu'il arrive
    (b) (adhere to → promise, word) tenir; (→ decision, offer) s'en tenir à;
    ∎ to stand by an agreement respecter un accord;
    ∎ I stand by what I said/my original analysis of the situation je m'en tiens à ce que j'ai dit/ma première analyse de la situation
    (a) (not intervene) rester là (sans rien faire ou sans intervenir);
    ∎ how could you just stand by and watch them mistreat that poor dog? comment as-tu pu rester là à les regarder maltraiter ce pauvre chien (sans intervenir)?;
    ∎ I stood by helplessly while they searched the room je restais là, impuissant, pendant qu'ils fouillaient la pièce
    (b) (be ready → person) être ou se tenir prêt; (→ vehicle) être prêt; (→ army, embassy) être en état d'alerte;
    ∎ the police were standing by to disperse the crowd la police se tenait prête à disperser la foule;
    ∎ we have an oxygen machine standing by nous avons une machine à oxygène prête en cas d'urgence;
    ∎ stand by! attention!; Nautical paré!, attention!;
    ∎ Aviation stand by for takeoff préparez-vous pour le décollage;
    ∎ Radio stand by to receive prenez l'écoute;
    ∎ Military standing by for orders! à vos ordres!
    (a) British Politics (withdraw) se désister; (resign) démissionner;
    ∎ will he stand down in favour of a younger candidate? va-t-il se désister en faveur d'un candidat plus jeune?
    (b) (leave witness box) quitter la barre;
    ∎ you may stand down, Mr Simms vous pouvez quitter la barre, M. Simms
    (c) Military (troops) être déconsigné (en fin d'alerte);
    ∎ stand down! (after drill) rompez (les rangs)!
    (workers) licencier
    (a) (represent) représenter;
    ∎ what does DNA stand for? que veut dire l'abréviation ADN?;
    ∎ the R stands for Ryan le R signifie Ryan;
    ∎ the dove stands for peace la colombe symbolise la paix;
    ∎ we want our name to stand for quality and efficiency nous voulons que notre nom soit synonyme de qualité et d'efficacité;
    ∎ she supports the values and ideas the party once stood for elle soutient les valeurs et les idées qui furent autrefois celles du parti;
    ∎ I detest everything that they stand for! je déteste tout ce qu'ils représentent!
    (b) (tolerate) tolérer, supporter; (allow) permettre;
    ∎ I'm not going to stand for it! je ne le tolérerai ou permettrai pas!
    assurer le remplacement;
    ∎ to stand in for sb remplacer qn; Cinema doubler qn
    British (workers) mettre en chômage technique
    Nautical (coast, island) croiser au large de;
    ∎ they have an aircraft carrier standing off Aden ils ont un porte-avions qui croise au large d'Aden
    (a) (move away) s'écarter
    (b) Nautical (take up position) croiser; (sail away) mettre le cap au large
    (a) (protrude → vein) saillir; (→ ledge) faire saillie, avancer;
    ∎ the veins in his neck stood out les veines de son cou saillaient ou étaient gonflées
    (b) (be clearly visible → colour, typeface) ressortir, se détacher; (→ in silhouette) se découper;
    ∎ the pink stands out against the green background le rose ressort ou se détache sur le fond vert;
    ∎ the masts stood out against the sky les mâts se découpaient ou se dessinaient contre le ciel;
    ∎ the name on the truck stood out clearly le nom sur le camion était bien visible;
    ∎ she stands out in a crowd on la remarque dans la foule;
    ∎ figurative I don't like to stand out in a crowd je n'aime pas me singulariser;
    ∎ this one book stands out from all his others ce livre-ci surclasse tous ses autres livres;
    ∎ there is no one issue which stands out as being more important than the others il n'y a pas une question qui soit plus importante que les autres;
    ∎ the qualities that stand out in his work les qualités marquantes de son œuvre;
    ∎ she stands out above all the rest elle surpasse ou surclasse tous les autres;
    ∎ the day stands out in my memory cette journée est marquée d'une pierre blanche dans ma mémoire;
    ∎ familiar that stands out a mile! (is very obvious) ça se voit comme le nez au milieu de la figure!;
    ∎ it really stands out that he's not a local ça se voit ou se remarque vraiment qu'il n'est pas d'ici
    (c) (resist, hold out) tenir bon, tenir, résister;
    ∎ they won't be able to stand out for long ils ne pourront pas tenir ou résister longtemps;
    ∎ to stand out against (attack, enemy) résister à; (change, tax increase) s'opposer avec détermination à;
    ∎ to stand out for sth revendiquer qch;
    ∎ they are standing out for a pay increase ils revendiquent ou réclament une augmentation de salaire
    (watch over) surveiller;
    ∎ I can't work with someone standing over me je ne peux pas travailler quand quelqu'un regarde par-dessus mon épaule;
    ∎ she stood over him until he'd eaten every last bit elle ne l'a pas lâché avant qu'il ait mangé la dernière miette
    British (postpone) remettre (à plus tard);
    ∎ I'd prefer to stand this discussion over until we have more information je préférerais remettre cette discussion jusqu'à ce que nous disposions de plus amples renseignements
    British être remis (à plus tard);
    ∎ we have two items standing over from the last meeting il nous reste deux points à régler depuis la dernière réunion
    Military mettre en état d'alerte
    Military se mettre en état d'alerte;
    ∎ stand to! à vos postes!
    être ou rester solidaire
    (a) (set upright → chair, bottle) mettre debout;
    ∎ they stood the prisoner up against a tree ils ont adossé le prisonnier à un arbre;
    ∎ stand the ladder up against the wall mettez ou appuyez l'échelle contre le mur;
    ∎ to stand a child up (again) (re)mettre un enfant sur ses pieds
    (b) familiar (fail to meet) poser un lapin à;
    ∎ I was stood up twice in a row on m'a posé un lapin deux fois de suite
    (a) (rise to one's feet) se lever, se mettre debout;
    ∎ she stood up to offer me her seat elle se leva pour m'offrir sa place;
    ∎ stand up! levez-vous!, debout!;
    ∎ figurative to stand up and be counted avoir le courage de ses opinions
    (b) (be upright) être debout;
    ∎ I can't get the candle to stand up straight je n'arrive pas à faire tenir la bougie droite
    (c) (last) tenir, résister;
    ∎ how is that repair job standing up? est-ce que cette réparation tient toujours?
    (d) (be valid → argument, claim) être valable, tenir debout;
    ∎ his evidence won't stand up in court son témoignage ne sera pas valable en justice
    défendre;
    ∎ to stand up for oneself se défendre
    ∎ to stand up to sth résister à qch;
    ∎ to stand up to sb tenir tête à ou faire face à qn;
    ∎ he's too weak to stand up to her il est trop faible pour lui tenir tête;
    ∎ she had a hard time standing up to their criticism ça ne lui a pas été facile de faire face à leurs critiques;
    ∎ it won't stand up to that sort of treatment ça ne résistera pas à ce genre de traitement;
    ∎ her hypothesis doesn't stand up to empirical testing son hypothèse ne résiste pas à la vérification expérimentale

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > stand

  • 11 repeat

    rɪˈpi:t
    1. сущ.
    1) повторение;
    то, что повторяется а) исполнение на бис б) повторение радиопрограммы, телепередачи Syn: repetition
    2) амер.;
    универ.;
    сл. студент-второгодник
    3) муз. реприза;
    знак репризы Syn: reprise
    1.
    2. гл.
    1) повторять Don't repeat this to any one. ≈ Больше так никому не говори. an offer that cannot be repeated ≈ уникальное, единственное предложение
    2) а) рассказывать наизусть All Christian children learn to repeat the Lord's Prayer by heart. ≈ Все христианские дети выучивают ""Отче наш"" наизусть. б) передавать, рассказывать, повторять чьи-л. слова
    3) возвр. (repeat oneself) повторяться, случаться вновь You just said that;
    you're repeating yourself. ≈ Ты это уже говорил, ты повторяешься. Will the bad weather of last winter repeat itself this year? ≈ Интересно, эта зима будет такая же плохая, как предыдущая?
    4) амер. незаконно голосовать на выборах несколько раз
    5) вызывать отрыжку (о пище) повторение - the * of an order повторение заказа исполнение на бис повторение радио- или телепрограммы - there will be a * of this talk on Friday эта беседа повторяется в пятницу (американизм) обратный путь - to go one mile and * пройти одну милю туда и обратно( американизм) (университетское) (жаргон) студент-второгодник (музыкальное) повторение какого-л. раздела пьесы, реприза (музыкальное) знак повторения( коммерческое) повторные заказы;
    дополнительные заказы - * order дополнительный /новый/ заказ - * purchases повторные закупки( текстильное) раппорт повторять - to * a mistake повторить( ту же) ошибку - please * that повторите, пожалуйста - a story not fit to be *ed неприличный рассказ - to * back (морское) повторять (полученное приказание) - to * oneself повторяться - avoid *ing yourself старайтесь не повторяться говорить наизусть (тж. to * by heart или from memory) - to * one's lesson отвечать урок - to * a poem читать стихотворение рассказывать, повторять - to * a secret рассказать секрет( кому-л.) - he *s everything to the master он обо всем доносит учителю повторяться, встречаться( вновь) - the figures * in the same order цифры повторяются в том же порядке - history *s itself история повторяется воспроизводить - a programme *ed on tape программа, записанная на пленку снова пройти через что-л. - to * an experience снова пережить то, что уже было - he had to * third grade ему пришлось остаться в третьем классе на второй год (американизм) незаконно голосовать на выборах несколько раз отбивать время( о курантах) ;
    звонить( о часах) отрыгиваться( о пище) - onions * лук вызывает отрыжку - that meat is *ing on me меня мутит от этого мяса( морское) репетовать (сигналы) ~ refl. повторяться;
    he does nothing but repeat himself он только повторяется;
    history repeats itself история повторяется ~ refl. повторяться;
    he does nothing but repeat himself он только повторяется;
    history repeats itself история повторяется ~ отрыгиваться (о пище) ;
    onions repeat лук вызывает отрыжку preemptive ~ rule вчт. правило повторения прерванного обслуживания repeat говорить наизусть;
    to repeat one's lesson отвечать урок ~ исполнение на бис ~ амер. незаконно голосовать на выборах несколько раз ~ отрыгиваться (о пище) ;
    onions repeat лук вызывает отрыжку ~ передавать, рассказывать;
    to repeat a secret рассказать (кому-л.) секрет ~ муз. повторение;
    знак повторения ~ разг. повторение;
    то, что повторяется ~ повторение ~ повторение радиопрограммы или телепередачи ~ вчт. повторить ~ повторный результат ~ повторять ~ повторять ~ повторяться;
    вновь случаться ~ refl. повторяться;
    he does nothing but repeat himself он только повторяется;
    history repeats itself история повторяется ~ амер. унив. жарг. студент-второгодник ~ передавать, рассказывать;
    to repeat a secret рассказать (кому-л.) секрет repeat говорить наизусть;
    to repeat one's lesson отвечать урок

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > repeat

  • 12 check

    I
    1. [tʃek] n
    1. 1) препятствие, остановка; задержка

    to serve as a check - а) служить препятствием; б) обуздывать

    his illness gave a check to our plans - его болезнь сорвала /расстроила/ наши планы

    to keep /to hold/ in check - держать в руках, контролировать

    to keep a check on smb. - держать кого-л. в руках, не давать воли кому-л.

    to keep a check on smth. - следить за чем-л.; контролировать что-л.; держать что-л. в своих руках

    keep a check on your tongue - думай, прежде чем говорить

    2) преим. воен. отпор, приостановка наступления или продвижения
    2. проверка, контроль

    spot checks - полигр. выборочная корректура, выборочный редакционный просмотр

    3. галочка, птичка, отметка ( знак проверки)
    4. 1) номерок ( в гардеробе)
    2) ярлык; багажная квитанция
    5. контрольный штемпель
    6. контрамарка; корешок (билета и т. п.)
    7. 1) клетка ( рисунок ткани)
    2) клетчатая ткань; шотландка

    do you want a stripe or a check? - вам в полоску или в клетку?

    8. счёт ( в ресторане)
    9. шахм. шах
    10. с.-х.
    1) чек, делянка, окружённая валом и затапливаемая водой
    2) контрольная делянка
    11. охот. потеря ( собакой) следа
    12. спец. трещина, щель (в дереве и т. п.); волосная трещина
    13. амер. карт. фишка, марка

    ♢ checks and balances - принцип взаимозависимости и взаимоограничения законодательной, исполнительной и судебной власти

    2. [tʃek] a
    1. контрольный, проверочный, испытательный

    check cage - клетка или садок для контрольных животных

    check experiment - поверочный /контрольный/ опыт

    check flight - ав. контрольный полёт

    check sample /specimen/ - контрольный образец

    check station - воен. пункт технического осмотра

    2. клетчатый

    check system of irrigation - с.-х. орошение способом затопления по клеткам

    3. запирающий, задерживающий

    check dam - задерживающая плотина, защитная дамба или плотина

    check valve - тех. запорный клапан, обратный клапан

    check work - тех. периодическое включение и выключение механизма

    ♢ check wine - марочное вино

    3. [tʃek] v
    1. останавливать, сдерживать; препятствовать; удерживать; обуздывать

    to check anger [love, laugh] - подавить гнев [любовь, смех]

    to check the growth - замедлять рост /развитие/

    he checked his impetuous son - он сдерживал /одёргивал/ своего необузданного сына

    to check oneself - остановиться, удержаться; сдержаться

    he checked himself just as he was about to blurt out his indignation - он подавил готовые вырваться слова негодования

    2. 1) проверять, контролировать; ревизовать; сличать; расследовать

    to check figures [examination papers] - проверять цифры [экзаменационные работы]

    to check by sight - проверять /определять/ на глаз

    to check for errors - корректировать, исправлять

    check bearing! - спец. проверить пеленг!, взять контрольный пеленг! ( команда)

    2) (on) проверять, выяснять; убеждаться (в чём-л.)

    to check on a statement - проверить правильность какого-л. утверждения

    to check on the past experience of the applicants - выяснить уровень квалификации претендентов на должность

    3) (with, редк. against) сверять, сличать

    check your text with /against/ mine - сличите /сверьте/ ваш текст с моим

    4) амер. (with, редк. against) соответствовать, совпадать

    the description checks with the photograph - описание соответствует фотографии /сходится с фотографией/

    3. амер.
    1) сдавать (в гардероб, в камеру хранения, в багаж и т. п.; тж. check in)

    have you checked all your luggage? - вы все свои вещи сдали в багаж?

    2) принимать на хранение
    4. отмечать галочкой, значком

    how many mistakes did the teacher check? - сколько ошибок учитель отметил (птичкой)?

    5. шахм. объявлять шах
    6. карт. пасовать
    7. располагать в шахматном порядке
    8. делать выговор; давать нагоняй; разносить
    9. с.-х. приостанавливать ( рост)
    10. спец.
    1) делать щели; вызывать трещины
    2) покрываться трещинами, щелями
    11. (at) арх. внезапно остановиться (перед чем-л.); отшатнуться (от чего-л.)
    12. мор. травить
    4. [tʃek] int
    1. шахм. шах!
    2. прост. ладно!, точно!, договорились!
    II
    1. [tʃek] амер. = cheque I
    2. [tʃek] v амер.
    выписывать чек

    to check upon a banker for $100 - выдать чек на какой-л. банк на сумму в 100 долларов

    НБАРС > check

  • 13 repeat

    1. [rıʹpi:t] n
    1. повторение
    2. исполнение на бис
    3. повторение радио- или телепрограммы

    there will be a repeat of this talk on Friday - эта беседа повторяется в пятницу

    4. амер. обратный путь
    5. амер. унив. жарг. студент-второгодник
    6. муз.
    1) повторение какого-л. раздела пьесы, реприза
    2) знак повторения
    7. pl ком. повторные заказы; дополнительные заказы

    repeat order - дополнительный /новый/ заказ

    8. текст. раппорт
    2. [rıʹpi:t] v
    1. повторять

    please repeat that - повторите, пожалуйста

    2. говорить наизусть (тж. to repeat by heart или from memory)
    3. рассказывать, повторять
    4. повторяться, встречаться (вновь)
    5. воспроизводить

    a programme repeated on tape - программа, записанная на плёнку

    6. снова пройти через что-л.

    to repeat an experience - снова пережить то, что уже было

    he had to repeat third grade - ему пришлось остаться в третьем классе на второй год

    7. амер. незаконно голосовать на выборах несколько раз
    8. отбивать время ( о курантах); звонить ( о часах)
    9. отрыгиваться ( о пище)
    10. мор. репетовать ( сигналы)

    НБАРС > repeat

  • 14 background

    1) (the space behind the principal or most important figures or objects of a picture etc: He always paints ships against a background of stormy skies; trees in the background of the picture.) fondo
    2) (happenings that go before, and help to explain, an event etc: the background to a situation.) antecedentes
    3) (a person's origins, education etc: She was ashamed of her humble background.) orígenes, historial
    1. fondo
    2. orígenes / familia / clase social
    tr['bækgraʊnd]
    1 fondo
    2 figurative use trasfondo, antecedentes nombre masculino plural
    3 (of photograph, picture) último plano
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to come from a humble background ser de origen humilde
    to have a criminal background tener antecedentes penales
    to stay in the background mantenerse en segundo plano
    background music música de fondo
    background noise ruido de fondo
    background ['bæk.graʊnd] n
    1) : fondo m (de un cuadro, etc.), antecedentes mpl (de una situación)
    2) experience, training: experiencia f profesional, formación f
    background (Applications, etc., in computing)
    adj.
    • de segundo plano (Informática) adj.
    adj.
    • de segundo plano adj.
    • trasfondo, -a adj.
    n.
    • antecedentes s.m.pl.
    • educación s.f.
    • escenario s.m.
    • fondo (De una imagen) s.m.
    • lejos s.m.
    • lontananza s.f.
    • trasfondo s.m.
    • último término s.m.

    I 'bækgraʊnd
    a) (of picture, scene) fondo m
    b) ( of events)
    c) ( of person - origin) origen m; (- education) formación f, currículum m; (- previous activities) experiencia f

    he comes from a working-class/a religious background — es de clase obrera/creció en un ambiente religioso


    II
    adjective (before n) <noise/music> de fondo

    background reading — lecturas fpl preparatorias (acerca del momento histórico, antecedentes etc)

    ['bækɡraʊnd]
    1. N
    1) [of picture etc] fondo m ; (fig) ambiente m

    in the background — al or en el fondo; (fig) en segundo plano, en la sombra

    to stay in the background — mantenerse en segundo plano, no buscar publicidad

    2) [of person] formación f, educación f

    what is his background? — ¿cuáles son sus antecedentes?

    3) [of situation, event] antecedentes mpl
    2.
    CPD

    background check N — verificación f de antecedentes

    they are calling for fingerprinting and background checks for airport employees — están pidiendo la verificación de antecedentes y la toma de huellas digitales de los empleados de aeropuerto

    background music N — música f de fondo

    background noise N — ruido m de fondo

    background reading N — lecturas fpl de fondo, lecturas fpl preparatorias

    background report N — (Jur) informe de los peritos sobre la vida de alguien

    background studies NPL — estudios mpl del ambiente histórico (en que vivió un autor etc)

    background task N — (Comput) tarea f secundaria

    * * *

    I ['bækgraʊnd]
    a) (of picture, scene) fondo m
    b) ( of events)
    c) ( of person - origin) origen m; (- education) formación f, currículum m; (- previous activities) experiencia f

    he comes from a working-class/a religious background — es de clase obrera/creció en un ambiente religioso


    II
    adjective (before n) <noise/music> de fondo

    background reading — lecturas fpl preparatorias (acerca del momento histórico, antecedentes etc)

    English-spanish dictionary > background

  • 15 background

    noun
    1) (lit. or fig.) Hintergrund, der; (social status) Herkunft, die

    be in the background — im Hintergrund stehen

    background music — Hintergrundmusik, die

    background noise — (in a room etc.) Geräuschkulisse, die; (on a recording) Grundrauschen, das

    2)

    background [information] — Hintergrundinformation, die

    * * *
    1) (the space behind the principal or most important figures or objects of a picture etc: He always paints ships against a background of stormy skies; trees in the background of the picture.) der Hintergrund
    2) (happenings that go before, and help to explain, an event etc: the background to a situation.) der Hintergrund
    3) (a person's origins, education etc: She was ashamed of her humble background.) die Herkunft
    * * *
    back·ground
    [ˈbækgraʊnd]
    I. n
    1. (rear view) also PHOT, FILM Hintergrund m; THEAT Kulisse f
    white lettering on a blue \background weiße Schrift auf blauem Grund
    2. (inconspicuous position)
    to fade into the \background in den Hintergrund treten
    to stay in the \background im Hintergrund bleiben
    3. SOCIOL Herkunft f, Verhältnisse pl, Background m
    to be [or come] from a poor \background aus armen Verhältnissen stammen
    4.
    to have a \background in sth (experience) Erfahrung in etw dat haben; (training) eine Ausbildung in etw dat haben
    with a \background in... mit Erfahrung in...
    5. (explanatory circumstances) Umstände pl, Hintergründe pl
    against a \background of high unemployment vor dem Hintergrund [o angesichts] einer hohen Arbeitslosenquote
    II. n modifier
    1. (from surroundings) (music) Hintergrund-
    \background lighting indirekte Beleuchtung
    \background noise Geräuschkulisse f
    2. (concerning origins) (information, knowledge) Hintergrund-
    to do a \background check on sb jdn polizeilich überprüfen
    \background processing (low priority job) nachrangige Verarbeitung; (process) Hintergrundverarbeitung f
    * * *
    ['bkgraʊnd]
    1. n
    1) (of painting etc fig) Hintergrund m

    to stay in the background — im Hintergrund bleiben, sich im Hintergrund halten

    to keep sb in the background —

    against a background of poverty and disease — vor dem Hintergrund von Armut und Krankheit

    2) (of person) (educational etc) Werdegang m; (social) Verhältnisse pl; (= family background) Herkunft f no pl; (SOCIOL) Background m

    he comes from a background of poverty — er kommt aus ärmlichen Verhältnissen

    3) (of case, problem etc) Zusammenhänge pl, Hintergründe pl, Hintergrund m
    2. adj
    reading vertiefend

    background music — Hintergrundmusik f, Musikuntermalung f

    background noises pl — Geräuschkulisse f, Geräusche pl im Hintergrund

    * * *
    1. Hintergrund m (auch fig):
    against a background of vor dem Hintergrund (gen);
    form the background to sth den Hintergrund für etwas bilden;
    keep ( oder remain, stay) in the background im Hintergrund bleiben;
    background projection FILM Hintergrundprojektion f
    2. MAL Untergrund m
    3. fig
    a) Hintergründe pl, Umstände pl:
    background information Hintergrundinformationen pl
    b) Umwelt f, Milieu n
    c) Werdegang m, Vorgeschichte f:
    have a musical background musikalisch vorbelastet sein
    d) Erfahrung f, Wissen n:
    educational background Vorbildung f, Bildungsgang m
    e) Anhaltspunkte pl, Grundlage f
    4. Musik-, Geräuschkulisse f:
    background music musikalischer Hintergrund, musikalische Untermalung, Hintergrundmusik f
    5. auch background noise RADIO etc Hintergrund-, Störgeräusch n
    6. auch background brightness TV Grundhelligkeit f:
    background control Steuerung f der mittleren Helligkeit
    * * *
    noun
    1) (lit. or fig.) Hintergrund, der; (social status) Herkunft, die

    background music — Hintergrundmusik, die

    background noise — (in a room etc.) Geräuschkulisse, die; (on a recording) Grundrauschen, das

    2)

    background [information] — Hintergrundinformation, die

    * * *
    n.
    Hintergrund m.

    English-german dictionary > background

  • 16 release

    1. transitive verb
    1) (free) freilassen [Tier, Häftling, Sklaven]; (from jail) entlassen ( from aus); (from bondage, trap) befreien ( from aus); (from pain) erlösen ( from von); (from promise, obligation, vow) entbinden ( from von)
    2) (let go, let fall) loslassen; lösen [Handbremse]; ausklinken [Bombe]

    release one's hold or grip on something — etwas loslassen

    3) (make known) veröffentlichen [Erklärung, Nachricht]; (issue) herausbringen [Film, Schallplatte, Produkt]
    2. noun
    1) (act of freeing) see 1. 1): Freilassung, die; Entlassung, die; Befreiung, die; Erlösung, die; Entbindung, die
    2) (of published item) Veröffentlichung, die

    a new release by Bob Dylan — eine neue Platte od. eine Neuveröffentlichung von Bob Dylan

    3) (handle, lever, button) Auslöser, der
    * * *
    [rə'li:s] 1. verb
    1) (to set free; to allow to leave: He was released from prison yesterday; I am willing to release him from his promise to me.) entlassen
    2) (to stop holding etc; to allow to move, fall etc: He released (his hold on) the rope.) loslassen
    3) (to move (a catch, brake etc) which prevents something else from moving, operating etc: He released the handbrake and drove off.) lösen
    4) (to allow (news etc) to be made known publicly: The list of winners has just been released.) freigeben
    5) (to offer (a film, record etc) to the general public: Their latest record will be released next week.) veröffentlichen
    2. noun
    1) (the act of releasing or being released: After his release, the prisoner returned to his home town; the release of a new film; ( also adjective) the release catch.) die Freigabe,-lassung
    2) (something that is released: This record is their latest release; The Government issued a press release (= a statement giving information about something, sent or given to newspapers, reporters etc).) die Veröffentlichung
    * * *
    re·lease
    [rɪˈli:s]
    I. vt
    1. (set free)
    ▪ to \release sb/an animal jdn/ein Tier freilassen
    the zoo keepers \released the lions from their cage die Zoowärter ließen die Löwen aus dem Käfig
    ▪ to \release sb jdn freigeben [o freistellen
    2. LAW
    ▪ to \release sb jdn [aus der Haft] entlassen [o freilassen]
    to \release sb on bail jdn gegen Kaution auf freien Fuß setzen
    to \release sb on parole jdn bedingt aus der Haft entlassen
    to \release sb from prison jdn aus dem Gefängnis entlassen
    to \release sb on probation jdn auf Bewährung entlassen
    to be \released early for good behaviour [or AM behavior] wegen guter Führung vorzeitig entlassen werden
    ▪ to \release sb from sth jdn von etw dat befreien
    4. (move sth from fixed position)
    ▪ to \release sth etw lösen
    to \release the brake die Bremse lösen
    to \release the shutter PHOT den Auslöser betätigen
    to \release a bomb eine Bombe abwerfen
    to \release a missile eine Rakete abschießen
    6. (allow to escape)
    to \release gas/steam Gas/Dampf freisetzen
    to \release sth into the atmosphere etw in die Atmosphäre entweichen lassen
    steam was \released Dampf entwich
    7. (relax pressure)
    ▪ to \release sth etw loslassen
    to \release one's grip [or hold] seinen Griff lockern
    8. (make public, circulate)
    ▪ to \release sth etw verbreiten [o in Umlauf bringen] [o der Öffentlichkeit zugänglich machen]; (issue) etw veröffentlichen [o herausbringen]
    ▪ to \release sth to sb jdm etw aushändigen
    to \release a film/a CD einen Film/eine CD herausbringen
    to \release a statement eine Erklärung abgeben
    to be \released erscheinen, auf den Markt kommen
    9. ECON
    to \release dues überfällige Bestellungen abwickeln
    10. (put on market)
    ▪ to \release sth etw zum Verkauf freigeben, etw herausbringen
    11. COMPUT (release block of memory)
    ▪ to \release sth etw freigeben
    II. n no pl
    1. (setting free) Entlassung f
    \release of a hostage Freilassung f einer Geisel
    \release from prison Entlassung f aus dem Gefängnis
    2. ECON (from work) Freistellung f
    day \release BRIT Freistellung zur beruflichen Fortbildung
    3. (mechanism) Auslöser m
    brake/clutch \release Brems-/Kupplungsausrückmechanismus m
    \release cord Reißleine f
    steam \release Dampfventil nt
    4. (action) of a handbrake Lösen nt
    \release of funds Mittelfreisetzung f
    \release for payment Zahlungsfreigabe f
    6. (relaxation) Entspannung f; of tension Nachlassen nt; (freeing from unpleasant feeling) Erleichterung f
    merciful \release ( euph) Erlösung f euph
    to experience a feeling of \release ein Gefühl der Erleichterung verspüren
    7. (escape of gases etc.) Entweichen nt
    8. no pl (publication) Veröffentlichung f
    9. (information document) Verlautbarung f
    press \release Pressemitteilung f, Presseverlautbarung f, ÖSTERR bes Presseaussendung f
    10. (new CD etc.) Neuerscheinung f; (new film) neuer Film
    her latest \release is a song about hopeless love sie hat zuletzt ein Lied über hoffnungslose Liebe herausgebracht
    to go on \release film [in den Kinos] anlaufen
    11. COMPUT (version) Version f
    12. LAW Verzicht m, Aufgabe f
    * * *
    [rɪ'liːs]
    1. vt
    1) animal, person freilassen; (from prison) entlassen; employee, football player etc freigeben; (= rescue) befreien; (from obligation, vow) entbinden, befreien; (from pain) erlösen

    to release one's anger on sb — seinen Ärger an jdm auslassen or abreagieren

    2) (= let go of) loslassen; handbrake losmachen, lösen; (PHOT) shutter auslösen; bomb abwerfen; grip, clasp lösen; (police) confiscated articles freigeben

    to release the ( foot)brake/clutch — den Fuß von der Bremse/Kupplung nehmen, die Kupplung kommen lassen

    3) (COMM: issue) film, goods herausbringen; record veröffentlichen, herausbringen
    4) (= make known) news, statement veröffentlichen; figures also bekannt geben
    5) (= emit) gas, energy freisetzen; smell ausströmen; (= let off into atmosphere) pressure, steam ablassen
    6) (JUR) property, title aufgeben, verzichten auf (+acc)
    2. n
    1) (of animal, person) Freilassung f; (from prison) Entlassung f; (of employee, football player etc) Freigabe f; (= rescue) Befreiung f; (from obligation, vow) Entbindung f, Befreiung f; (from pain) Erlösung f
    2) (= letting go) Loslassen nt; (of handbrake) Lösen nt; (PHOT of shutter) Auslösen nt; (of bomb) Abwurf m; (= mechanism) Auslöser m → academic.ru/67042/shutter">shutter
    See:
    3) (COMM: issuing of film, goods) Herausbringen nt; (of record) Veröffentlichung f, Herausbringen nt; (= film) Film m; (= record) Platte f
    4) (of news, statement) Veröffentlichung f; (= statement) Verlautbarung f
    5) (of gas, energy) Freisetzung f
    6) (JUR of property, title) Aufgabe f (
    of (+gen, Verzicht m (of auf (+acc
    * * *
    release [rıˈliːs]
    A v/t
    1. entlassen ( from aus), freilassen, auf freien Fuß setzen:
    a) befreien, erlösen (von):
    release sb from pain jemanden von seinen Schmerzen erlösen oder befreien
    b) entbinden (von oder gen):
    release sb from a contract jemanden aus einem Vertrag entlassen
    3. a) gesperrte Konten etc freigeben:
    release an article for publication einen Artikel zur Veröffentlichung freigeben;
    release a film einen Film (zur Aufführung) freigeben;
    the film will be released next week der Film kommt nächste Woche in die Kinos oder läuft nächste Woche an;
    release a body for burial JUR eine Leiche zur Bestattung freigeben
    b) eine Schallplatte etc herausbringen: his latest album has not been released yet ist noch nicht herausgekommen
    c) SPORT einen Spieler freistellen ( for für die Nationalmannschaft etc)
    4. JUR ein Recht, Eigentum aufgeben oder übertragen:
    release a mortgage eine Hypothek löschen
    5. CHEM, PHYS freisetzen
    6. TECH
    a) auslösen ( auch FOTO)
    b) ausschalten:
    release bombs Bomben (ab)werfen oder ausklinken;
    release the clutch AUTO auskuppeln;
    release gas Gas abblasen;
    release the pedal das Pedal loslassen
    B s
    1. (Haft)Entlassung f, Freilassung f ( from aus)
    2. Befreiung f, Erlösung f ( beide:
    from von):
    his death came as ( oder was) a merciful release from his sufferings der Tod war für ihn eine Erlösung
    3. (from) Entlassung f (aus einem Vertrag etc), Entbindung f (von einer Pflicht, Schuld etc)
    4. Freigabe f:
    first release (Film) Uraufführung f;
    release print (Film) Verleihkopie f;
    be on general release überall zu sehen sein (Film);
    release of energy Freiwerden n von Energie
    5. JUR
    a) Verzicht(leistung) m(f), Verzichturkunde f
    b) (Rechts)Übertragung f:
    release of mortgage Hypothekenlöschung f
    c) Quittung f
    6. TECH
    a) Auslöser m ( auch FOTO)
    b) Auslösung f:
    release of bombs MIL Bombenabwurf m;
    release button Auslösetaste f;
    release buzzer elektrischer Türöffner;
    release cord FLUG Reißleine f (am Fallschirm)
    7. Mitteilung f, Verlautbarung f
    * * *
    1. transitive verb
    1) (free) freilassen [Tier, Häftling, Sklaven]; (from jail) entlassen ( from aus); (from bondage, trap) befreien ( from aus); (from pain) erlösen ( from von); (from promise, obligation, vow) entbinden ( from von)
    2) (let go, let fall) loslassen; lösen [Handbremse]; ausklinken [Bombe]

    release one's hold or grip on something — etwas loslassen

    3) (make known) veröffentlichen [Erklärung, Nachricht]; (issue) herausbringen [Film, Schallplatte, Produkt]
    2. noun
    1) (act of freeing) see 1. 1): Freilassung, die; Entlassung, die; Befreiung, die; Erlösung, die; Entbindung, die
    2) (of published item) Veröffentlichung, die

    a new release by Bob Dylan — eine neue Platte od. eine Neuveröffentlichung von Bob Dylan

    3) (handle, lever, button) Auslöser, der
    * * *
    (from) n.
    Freilassung (aus) f. (from prison etc.) n.
    Entlassung f.
    (aus der Haft (<nur sing.>) usw.) n.
    Ausgabe -n f.
    Befreiung f.
    Entbindung f.
    Entspannung f.
    Erlösung -en f.
    Freigabe -en f.
    Freigabe -en f.
    (Buch, Film (<-e>), Software)
    Freisetzung f.
    Quittung -en (Recht) f.
    Verzicht -e m.
    Übertragung f. v.
    auslösen v.
    ausrücken v.
    befreien v.
    entbinden v.
    entlassen v.
    entlasten v.
    erlösen v.
    freigeben v.
    freigelassen v.
    freilassen v.
    freisetzen v.

    English-german dictionary > release

  • 17 sale(s)

    1. n ком. продаж; реалізація; збут; купівля-продаж; 2. торгівля; торгова угода; 3. розпродаж; 4. pl обсяг продажу; товарооборот; a торговельний; торговий; збутовий; продажний; 5. pl бухг. виручка
    1. перетворення якого-небудь товару чи послуги тощо на гроші; 2. господарська діяльність з обороту, купівлі й продажу товарів; 3. продаж за зниженими цінами (сезонний, у зв'язку із закриттям магазину тощо); 4. оборот товарів, сукупність актів купівлі і продажу; 5. надходження (revenue²) з продажу товарів чи від надання послуг
    ═════════■═════════
    account sale(s) звіт про продаж товару; actual sale(s)s фактичний продаж; advance sale(s) попередній продаж; annual sale(s)s річний обсяг продажу • річний товарооборот; anticipated sale(s)s очікуваний продаж; area sale(s)s збут в межах території; average sale(s)s середній обсяг продажу; average daily sale(s)s середньодобовий обсяг продажу; bear sale(s) продаж при спекуляції на зниження цін акцій на біржі; block sale(s) продаж партії цінних паперів; break-even sale(s)s беззбитковий обсяг продажу; bulk sale(s) масовий продаж • продаж всього товарного запасу; bull sale(s) продаж при спекуляції на підвищення цін акцій на біржі; cash sale(s) продаж за готівку; cash-and-carry sale(s) продаж за готівку без доставки додому; cash-on-delivery sale(s) продаж післяплатою • продаж з оплатою після доставки; cash-only sale(s) продаж тільки за готівку; catalogue sale(s) продаж за каталогом • роздрібний продаж товарів за каталогом; clearance sale(s) розпродаж; commision sale(s) продаж на комісійній основі; company sale(s)s обсяг продажу фірми; competitive sale(s)s конкурентоспроможний продаж; compulsory sale(s) примусовий продаж • примусовий продаж з торгів • продаж з молотка; conditional sale(s) умовний продаж; consignment sale(s) продаж на консигнаційній основі; corporate sale(s)s загальнофірмовий продаж; credit sale(s) продаж в кредит; current sale(s)s поточний збут • поточний продаж; daily sale(s)s денний товарооборот; deferred payment sale(s) торговельна угода з відкладеним платежем • торговельна угода з відстроченим платежем; direct sale(s) прямий продаж; discount sale(s) продаж зі знижкою; exchange sale(s) біржовий продаж; exclusive sale(s) виключне право продажу; export sale(s) продаж на експорт; fleet sale(s) продаж великими партіями; floor sale(s) продаж зі стенда; forward sale(s) продаж на строк; franchise sale(s) продаж торговельних привілеїв • франшизний продаж; going-out-of-business sale(s) розпродаж у зв'язку із закриттям справи; gross sale(s)s валовий обсяг продажу • валовий обсяг виручки • валова сума продажу; guaranteed sale(s) продаж товару постачальником з гарантією повернення непроданих товарів за повну вартість; increased sale(s)s розширення збуту; indirect sale(s)s непрямий продаж; individual sale(s) індивідуальний продаж; instalment sale(s) продаж на виплат; lagging sale(s)s повільний збут • сповільнення збуту; lost sale(s) втрачений збут; mailorder sale(s) продаж поштою; mix-and-match sale(s) продаж з вільним комплектуванням набору; net sale(s)s чиста виручка • чиста сума продажу; off-the-floor sale(s) продаж зі стенда; one-day sale(s) одноденний розпродаж; private sale(s) продаж за приватною угодою; profitable sale(s) вигідний продаж • зисковний збут; projected sale(s) планова сума продажу • плановий обсяг збуту; property sale(s) продаж нерухомого майна; public sale(s) публічний торг • прилюдний торг • аукціон • продаж з аукціону; record sale(s)s значний збут • винятковий обсяг продажу • рекордний обсяг продажу; retail sale(s) роздрібний продаж; rummage sale(s) розпродаж старих речей; seasonal sale(s) сезонний розпродаж • сезонний збут; stocktaking sale(s) розпродаж товарних залишків; telephone sale(s)s продаж по телефону; test-market sale(s)s збут на пробному ринку • пробний продаж; tie-in sale(s)s продаж товарів з примусовим асортиментом; total sale(s)s загальний обсяг продажу • загальний обсяг збуту; unit sale(s)s продаж штуками • штучний продаж; volume sale(s)s продаж великої кількості; warehouse sale(s) розпродаж зі складу; yearly sale(s) річний збут • річний товарооборот
    ═════════□═════════
    «as is» sale(s) продаж на умовах «як є»; drop in sale(s)s зниження збуту; fall in sale(s)s зниження збуту; forecast of sale(s)s прогноз збуту; for sale(s) продається; increase in sale(s)s збільшення збуту; not for sale(s) не для продажу; rise in sale(s)s збільшення збуту; sale(s)s abroad продаж за кордоном; sale(s)s account рахунок продажу; sale(s)s activities збутова діяльність; sale(s)s agency торговельне агентство • збутова організація; sale(s)s agent агент зі збуту; sale(s)s agreement договір про продаж; sale(s)s amount обсяг збуту; sale(s)s analysis аналіз збуту; sale(s)s and distribution expenses торговельні витрати; sale(s) and leaseback продаж зі зворотною орендою; sale(s) and repurchase arrangement згода на продаж і зворотну купівлю; sale(s) and repurchase transaction операція продажу і зворотної купівлі; sale(s)s approach методика стимулювання збуту; sale(s)s area торговельна площа; sale(s)s assistant консультант-продавець; sale(s)s association торговельна асоціація; sale(s) at cut prices продаж за зниженими цінами; sale(s) at reduced prices продаж за зниженими цінами; sale(s) at retail продаж вроздріб; sale(s)s book журнал обліку продажу; sale(s)s budget торговельний кошторис; sale(s) by auction продаж з аукціону; sale(s) by commission комісійний продаж; sale(s) by court order продаж за постановою суду; sale(s) by description продаж за описом; sale(s) by lot продаж партіями; sale(s) by private treaty продаж за приватною угодою; sale(s) by retail продаж вроздріб; sale(s) by sample продаж за зразком; sale(s) by weight продаж на вагу; sale(s)s campaign кампанія організації і стимулювання збуту; sale(s)s catalogue торговельний каталог; sale(s)s centre торговельний центр; sale(s)s clerk продавець; sale(s)s commission комісійна плата за продаж; sale(s)s conditions стан збуту • умови продажу • умови торгівлі; sale(s) contract договір продажу • договір купівлі-продажу; sale(s)s convention торговельна конвенція; sale(s)s coverage покриття витрат на продаж; sale(s)s department відділ збуту; sale(s)s district торговельна дільниця; sale(s) docket квитанція розрахункової палати брокеру-продавцю; sale(s)s drive кампанія зі збільшення збуту; sale(s)s duty збір за продаж • торговельний податок; sale(s)s effectiveness test перевірка ефективності збуту; sale(s)s exhibition торговельна виставка; sale(s)s expenses торговельні витрати; sale(s)s experience досвід продажу товарів • досвід збуту товарів; sale(s)s figures дані про продаж товарів; sale(s)s firm збутова фірма; sale(s)s-floor operation робота торговельного залу крамниці; sale(s)s force робітники торговельних підприємств • торговельні агенти; sale(s)s forecast прогноз обсягу продажу • прогноз обсягу збуту; sale(s) for future delivery продаж на строк; sale(s) from stock продаж зі складу; sale(s)s incentive засіб стимулювання збуту; sale(s)s increase збільшення збуту; sale(s) item виріб, який продається; sale(s)s journal журнал обліку продажу • книга реєстрації продажу; sale(s)s leads орієнтація на потенційних покупців; sale(s)s links торговельні зв'язки; sale(s) lot партія, яка продається; sale(s)s manager керівник відділу збуту • керівник служби збуту • завідувач відділу збуту; sale(s)s manual інструкція зі збуту; sale(s)s meeting нарада з організації збуту; sale(s)s method методика продажу; sale(s)s monopoly торговельна монополія; sale(s)s negotiations переговори щодо продажу товару; sale(s)s objective мета продажу; sale(s) of bonds продаж облігацій; sale(s) of equipment продаж обладнання; sale(s)s office відділ збуту; sale(s) of goods продаж товарів; sale(s) of land продаж землі; sale(s) of a patent продаж права на патент; sale(s) of pledge продаж застави; sale(s) of securities продаж цінних паперів • реалізація цінних паперів; sale(s) of shares продаж акцій • реалізація акцій; sale(s) of stock продаж акцій • реалізація акцій; sale(s) of subsidiary продаж дочірньої компанії; sale(s) on approval продаж з правом покупця відмовитися від товару • продаж з правом повернути товар; sale(s) on commission продаж на комісійній основі; sale(s) on consignment продаж за консигнацією; sale(s) on credit продаж у кредит; sale(s) on an open account продаж з оплатою на відкритий рахунок; sale(s) on trial продаж на пробу; sale(s)s opportunity можливість збуту; sale(s)s outlet торговельна точка • торговельне підприємство; sale(s)s parameter характеристика збуту; sale(s)s per employee обсяг продажу з розрахунку на одного працівника; sale(s)s personnel торговельний персонал; sale(s)s pitch постійне місце продажу; sale(s)s point торговельна точка; sale(s)s potential очікуваний обсяг збуту; sale(s)s price продажна ціна • реалізаційна ціна; sale(s)s problems проблеми збуту; sale(s)s proceeds виручка від реалізації товару • дохід від продажу продукції; sale(s)s profit прибуток від продажу; sales promotion; sale(s)s psychology врахування психологічного фактора при організації збуту; sale(s)s quota торговельна квота; sale(s)s rebate торговельна знижка • повернення торговельної переплати; sale(s)s records торговельна статистика; sale(s)s reductions зниження обсягу збуту; sale(s)s report звіт про продаж; sale(s)s representative торговельний представник • торговельний агент; sale(s)s return дохід від продажу; sale(s)s slip розписка про продаж; sale(s)s strategy стратегія підтримання рівня збуту; sale(s)s tax податок з продажу • податок на доходи від продажу • податок з обороту • торговельний збір; sale(s)s team група збуту • колектив продавців; sale(s)s technique методика продажу • підхід до покупця; sale(s)s terms умови продажу; sale(s)s ticket товарна наліпка; sale(s)s turnover оборотність товарних запасів • товарооборот; sale(s) under execution продаж за рішенням суду; sale(s)s value загальна вартість продажу • загальна вартість проданих товарів; sale(s)s volume обсяг продажу • обсяг товарообороту • обсяг збуту; sale(s)s warranty гарантія продажу; sale(s) with option of repurchase продаж з правом зворотної купівлі; sale(s) with reservation умовний продаж; sale(s)s year рік продажу; to approve for sale(s) ухвалювати/ ухвалити продаж; to be on sale(s) продаватися; to command a ready sale(s) швидко продаватися; to conclude a sale(s) укладати/укласти договір про продаж; to develop sale(s)s збільшувати/збільшити продаж; to exhibit for sale(s) виставляти/виставити на продаж; to have a ready sale(s) швидко продаватися; to increase sale(s)s збільшувати/збільшити продаж; to maintain sale(s)s підтримувати/підтримати збут; to negotiate sale(s)s вести переговори про продаж; to offer for sale(s) виставляти/виставити на продаж; to promote sale(s)s сприяти/посприяти продажу; to put up for sale(s) виставляти/виставити на продаж; to release for sale(s) давати/дати дозвіл на продаж; to rescind a sale(s) скасовувати/скасувати продаж • анульовувати/анулювати продаж; to stimulate sale(s)s стимулювати продаж; to undertake the sale(s) організовувати/організувати продаж

    The English-Ukrainian Dictionary > sale(s)

  • 18 put

    1. III
    put smth.
    1) where have I put the ticket? куда я засунул /дел/ билет?
    2) put things (it, one's ideas, the case, etc.) излагать что-л. и т.д.; have a neat (brilliant, graceful, logical, clear, etc.) way of putting things [уметь] четко и т.д. излагать что-л.; as he put it как он выразился; as Horace puts it как об этом пишет Гораций, как это сказано у Горация; let me put my side of the case позвольте мне изложить мою точку зрения
    3) put a resolution предлагать резолюцию; put a motion (a proposal, etc.) выдвигать предложение и т.д.
    4) put a question задавать вопрос
    5) put smth. sport. put the shot (the weight, etc.) толкать ядро и т.д.
    2. IV
    1) put smth., smb. somewhere put a suitcase (a bag, a box, etc.) down опустить /положить или поставить на пол или на землю/ чемодан и т.д.; will you please put the reference book (the dictionary, the hat, specimens, etc.) here (over there, somewhere, back, etc.) пожалуйста, положите сюда и т.д. справочник и т.д.; put this chair there поставьте этот стул туда; put that dog down at once and don't touch it any more опусти собаку сейчас же и больше не трогай ее; did you put the swim-suits in? ты положил [в чемодан] /уложил/ купальные костюмы?; put the rubbish out выносить мусор; put out one's tongue высунуть /показать/ язык: put one's head out высунуть голову; put out a boat вывести лодку в море; now, children, you may put your hands down a теперь, дети, можете опустить руки; put smth. in some manner put one's things (books, one's clothes, etc.) together сложить /собрать/ свои вещи и т.д.; put the hands of a clock (the minute hand, the clock, etc.) back (forward) передвинуть /перевести/ стрелки часов и т.д. назад (вперед); put the clock back an hour перевести часы на час назад; that clock is fast, I'd better put it back five minutes эти часы спешат, пожалуй, я переведу их назад на пять минут; one can't put the clock back время нельзя повернуть назад: let's put two heads together давай подумаем вместе
    2) put smth. somewhere put one's interests (problems of health, science, etc.) first ставить собственные интересы и т.д. на первое место; put truth first заботиться прежде всего об истине; ставить истину во главу угла
    3) put smth., smb. in some state put things to rights a) привести все в порядок; б) все исправить; how can we put him at [his] ease? как мы можем его успокоить?
    4) put smth. in some manner put a case (ideas, a proposal, a matter, facts, things, the story, etc.) clearly (plainly, bluntly, forcibly, cleverly, etc.) излагать /выражать, формулировать/ дело /суть, обстоятельства дела/ и т.д. ясно и т.д.; the report puts the facts truthfully все факты, изложенные в донесении, соответствуют действительности; the teacher puts things convincingly учитель убедительно все объясняет или излагает; to put it briefly, his idea is that... коротко говоря, его мысль состоит в том, что...; to put it frankly, I don't саге for him откровенно /честно/ говоря, он мне не нравится; to say that I was frightened is putting it mildly мягко говоря, я испугался; I don't know how to put it я не знаю, как это выразить /как это сказать/; put it so as not to offend him скажите это так, чтобы он не обиделся
    5) put smth. somewhere put your name here, please распишитесь здесь, пожалуйста
    6) || put smb. back задержать кого-л.; the traffic jam put us back a whole hour пробка на дороге задержала нас на целый час
    3. VI
    put smth. to some state put a watch (a clock) right (wrong) поставить часы правильно (неправильно); put a clock (a watch) fast (slow) отрегулировать часы так, чтобы они шли быстрее (медленнее); put things /the matter/ right исправить положение вещей /дел/; his short note put everything right его короткая записка поставила все на свои места; he put everything wrong он все испортил: the teacher put the boy right учитель поправил ребенка /объяснил ребенку, в чем его ошибка/
    4. VII
    put smth., smb. to do smth. put dishes to drain поставить посуду сушиться; put towels to dry повесить полотенца сушиться; put her to wash dishes (the girl to take care of the children, him to mind the furnace, etc.) поручить ей мыть посуду и т.д.; he put me to work peeling potatoes он посадил меня чистить картошку
    5. XI
    1) be put on (in, under, etc.) smth. the books were put on the shelf (on the table, under the tarpaulin, etc.) книги положили на полку и т.д.; the parcels were put in a bag свертки /посылки и т.п./ были уложены в мешок; every little thing must be put in its right place каждую даже самую маленькую вещичку надо класть на [свое] место
    2) be put to (into, in, out of, etc.) smth. be put (in)to jail /gaol/ быть посаженным /заключенным/ в тюрьму; be put into quarantine быть отправленным /помещенным, посаженным/ в /на/ карантин; the refugees were put in the hostel беженцев разместили в общежитии; he was put to bed его уложили спать; the boy was put out of the room for being impudent мальчика вывели из комнаты за дерзкое поведение; he was put out of the court его удаляли из зала суда; be put in some manner the new boys were put together in one dormitory новичков поместили вместе в одной спальне; he has more sense than all the rest put together у него больше здравого смысла, чем у всех остальных, вместе взятых; he thought he knew more than all his teachers put together он считал, что знает больше своих учителей, вместе взятых
    3) be put on (to) smth. the notice was put on the front page извещение /объявление/ поместили /напечатали/ на первой странице /полосе/; it's time the child was put to school пора определить ребенка в школу; be put on an army pay-roll быть зачисленным на армейское довольствие
    4) be put into smth. the work that has been put into it количество труда, вложенного в это [дело]
    5) be put to (into, in, etc.) smth. be put to use использовать; the uses to which his invention can (may) be put возможные способы /виды/ применения /использования/ его изобретения; be put into practice найти [практическое] применение; the law was put into force закон был введен в действие; he is put to every kind of work его ставят на всякую работу, его используют на разной работе; she was put in (to) service ее отдали в прислуги; the land was put into /under/ turnips участок был засеян репой
    6) be put into (in, out of, etc.) smth. be is soon put into a passion (into a rage, into despair, etc.) его можно быстро привести в состояние возбуждения и т.д.; the dog was put out of pain a) собаке сняли боль; б) собаку умертвили /усыпили/, чтобы она не мучилась; you will be put in funds in due time [денежные] средства вам предоставят в надлежащее время; be put in some manner all the clocks and watches were put back (forward) an hour on Saturday night в субботу вечером все часы были переведены на час назад (вперед); the wedding was put forward to June 3d свадьбу перенесли на третье июня; the meeting was put back for a week собрание отложили на неделю || be [hard] put to it оказаться в трудном /затруднительном/ положении; surprising what he can do when he's put to it просто удивительно, что только он ни сделает, когда нужно; you will be hard put to it to find a pleasanter place than this (to find a substitute, to get the needed sum, to pay his debts, etc.) [вам будет] трудно найти более приятное место, чем это и т.д.; be hard put to it financially находиться в затруднительном материальном положении; any doubt on this point can be easily put at rest любые сомнения на этот счет можно легко развеять
    7) be put to (on, into, in, out of) smth. I have been put to great inconvenience мне это было крайне неудобно; I have been put to great expense меня это ввело в большей расход; be put to the vote быть поставленным на голосование; the motion was put to the vote это предложение было поставлено на голосование; he's already been put to death его уже казнили; he was put on trial a) его предали суду; б) его взяли [на работу] с испытательным сроком; the company will be put in liquidation фирма будет закрыта; he was again put on the same treatment with the same good result ему провели повторный курс лечения, и результат снова оказался хорошим; be put on sale быть выпущенным в продажу; be put in (to) circulation пустить в обращение; only a few copies of the book were put in (to) circulation всего несколько экземпляров книги поступило в продажу; soon buses will be put into service on these routes вскоре по этим маршрутам будут пущены автобусы; these old freight cars have been put out of operation эти старые товарные вагоны сняты с эксплуатации /с линии/; the gun was put out of action орудие было выведено из строя; I had specimen pages put into type я сдал пробные страницы в набор
    8) be put to smth. the enemy was soon put to flight неприятель был вскоре обращен в бегство; he was put to his trump cards его заставили козырять /пойти с козырей/
    9) be put through smth. the bill was put through Congress last week законопроект был проведен через конгресс /был утвержден конгрессом/ на прошлой неделе
    10) be put at smth. the height of this hill is put at 200 metres считают /говорят/, что высота этого холма равна двумстам метрам; it is roughly put at I 5 это приблизительно равняется пяти фунтам
    11) be put in some manner be clearly (well, badly, etc.) put быть ясно и т.д. выраженным /изложенным/; а good story (an anecdote, a witticism, a jest, a joke, etc.) well put интересный, хорошо преподнесенный рассказ и т.д.; the case was cleverly put обстоятельства дела были умно /толково/ изложены; the compliment was clumsily put комплимент был сделан неуклюже; it was finely (gracefully, logically, etc.) put by this author об этом тонко и т.д. сказано /это тонко и т.д. сформулировано/ у данного автора; be put in a few words быть выраженным /высказанным/ несколькими словами
    12) be put to smb. the question was put to the chairman of the meeting (to the committee, to the management, etc.) вопрос был задан председателю собрания и т.д.
    13) be put on smb., smth. dues were put on cattle на крупный рогатый скот был введен налог; embargo has been put on the ship and cargo на корабль и груз было наложено эмбарго; be put under smth. the paper has been put under ban газета была запрещена
    14) be put (up)on smth. be put upon the stage быть поставленным на сцене; this opera was put on the air эта опера была поставлена на радио; an incident sufficiently interesting to merit being put on record этот случай вполне заслуживает того, чтобы его записать
    6. XVI
    put down (up, into, to, for, etc.) some place put down (up) the river двигаться /плыть/ вниз (вверх) по реке; put for home двигаться /направляться/ домой; the ship (the boat, etc.) put back to the shore (to harbour, to port, etc.) корабль и т.д. вернулся /повернул/ к берегу и т.д.; the ship put to Odessa судно шло в Одессу; the ship put out of Odessa судно отплыло из Одессы; the yacht put into Malta for stores (for repairs, etc.) яхта зашла на Мальту, чтобы пополнить [свои] запасы и т.д.; put to sea выйти в море; put to sea in one's yacht отправиться в морское путешествие на собственной яхте
    7. XVIII
    1) || put oneself in smb.'s place /position/ ставить себя на чье-л. место; put yourself in my place поставь себя на мое место
    2) put oneself over smb. coll. put oneself over an audience быть принятым публикой, добиться успеха /завоевать популярность/ у публики
    8. XXI1
    1) put smth. (up)on (into, in, etc.) smth. put a letter on the table (one's hat on a chair, jewels in a safe, a book down upon the desk, the key in his pocket, a manuscript back in its place, one's clothes into the case, etc.) положить письмо на стол и т.д.; put a bottle on the table (a vase upon the mantlepiece, flowers in water, etc.) поставить бутылку на стол и т.д.; put a thing in its right place положить /поставить/ вещь на место; put a kettle on fire поставить чайник на огонь; put the dress in the cupboard повесить платье в шкаф; put a bandage on smb.'s knee накладывать повязку на колено; put one's hand on smb.'s shoulder положить руку. кому-л. на плечо; put one's arms about smb.'s neck обнять кого-л. за шею, обвить чью-л. шею руками; put one's head on the pillow положить голову на подушку; he put an асе on my king он покрыл моего короля тузом; put smb. on (to) smth. put the baby on the bed положите ребенка на кровать; put a player [back] to his former position вернуть игрока на прежнее место
    2) put smb. in some place put smb. in the chair поставить /назначить/ кого-л. председателем; put smb. in the shade оттеснить кого-л. на второй /на задний/ план; put smb. over (under) smb., smth. they put over him a man six years younger than himself они поставили над ним человека на шесть лет моложе него; put a colonel over a division назначить полковника командиром дивизии; they put me under him меня поставили под его начало; put smb., smth. above (before, etc.) smb., smth. he puts Keats above Byron as a poet как поэта он ставит Китса выше Байрона; he puts honour before riches честь для него важнее богатства; put a critic high among other critics ценить /ставить/ данного критика выше всех других; put smth. (up)on smb., smth. put the blame (obligations, hopes, etc.) (up)on smb. возлагать вину и т.д. на кого-л.; he put the blame on me он свалил все на меня; the obligations he had put on us обязательства, которые он на нас возложил; put one's hopes (up)on their talks (oa his decision, on chance, etc.) возлагать надежды на их переговоры и т.д.; put smth. in smb., smth. put confidence /faith, trust/ in smb. верить /доверять/ кому-л.; he puts his faith in reason он верит в силу разума; put no faith in smb.'s assertions не верить чьим-л. утверждениям; put smth. to smth. he puts her failure to lack of experience (to her ignorance, to their refusal, etc.) он относит ее провал за счет неопытности и т.д.; put their conduct to custom объяснять их поведение обычаем; put their success to her credit поставить их успех ей в заслугу || put a wrong construction on smth. а) неправильно понимать или толковать что-л.; б) истолковывать что-л. в худшую сторону; put smb. in possession of smth. ввести кого-л. во владение чем-л.; put difficulties in smb.'s way ставить /чинить/ препятствия кому-л.; put smb., smth. in (to) smb.'s hands доверить кого-л., что-л. кому-л.; put the child in (to) their hands отдать ребенка в их руки; will you put the matter in (to) my hands? не поручите ли вы мне это дело?; put yourself in (to) my hands доверьтесь мне; put smb. in charge of smth. поручить кому-л. руководство чем-л., возложить на кого-л. ответственность за что-л.; put smb. under smb.'s care /under smb.'s charge/ поручить кого-л. чьим-л. заботам; 1 shall put myself under a doctor's care я обращусь к врачу и буду делать то, что он велит; put smth. at smb.'s service предоставить что-л. в чье-л. распоряжение
    3) put smth. in (to) (up, down, etc.) smth. puta letter in (to) an envelope (some money in one's purse, a coin into her pocket, a stick of chewing-gum into her mouth, jewels into a box, papers in the drawer, garbage down a chute, etc.) положить письмо в конверт и т.д.; put a key in a lock (a candle into a candlestick, etc.) вставить ключ в замок и т.д.; he put his hands in (to) his pockets он засунул руки в карманы; put those things in a handbag положите все эти вещи в сумочку; put a letter in a mailbox (a halfpenny into a slot, etc.) опустить /бросить/ письмо в [почтовый] ящик и т.д.; I put a coin in a slot-machine я опустил монету в автомат; put some water in a jug налить воды в кувшин; put sugar in (to) [one's] tea класть сахар в чай; put milk in (to) one's tea наливать /добавлять/ молока себе в чай; put poison in smth. подмешать яду во что-л.; put smth. up the chimney засунуть что-л. в печную трубу; put eau-de-Cologne upon a handkerchief надушите [носовой] платок одеколоном; put seeds into ground засеять поле; put a spoke in smb.'s wheel ставить кому-л. палки в колеса; put smth. into (through) smb., smth. put d knife into smb. зарезать кого-л.; put a bullet through smb. застрелить кого-л.; put a bullet (a knife, etc.) through a wall вогнать пулю и т.д. в стену; put a bullet through one's head пустить себе пулю в лоб, застрелиться; put one's fist through a pane of glass /through a window/ разбить кулаком окно || put one's pen (pencil) through a word (through a line, through a paragraph, etc.) вычеркнуть /вымарать/ слово и т.д.; put smb. in (to) (on) smth. put smb. in a spare room in a hostel поместить /поселить/ кого-л. в свободной комнате общежития; put smb. in prison /into jail/ отправить /заключить/ кого-л. в тюрьму; put smb. in hospital (into a madhouse, etc.) поместить кого-л. в больницу и т.д.; I will put you on the bus я вас [провожу и] посажу на автобус; put smth., smb. out of smth. put one's head out of the window высунуться из окна; put disorderly people out of a meeting вывести /удалять/ хулиганов с собрания
    4) put smth., smb. in (to) (on) smth. put smb. in /on/ the list включить кого-л. в список; put these books in the catalogue включите эти книги в каталог; put a child in a special school отдать ребенка в специальную школу; put an ad in a paper поместить объявление в газете; put all his pieces for children (all his poems together, etc.) in one volume соберите /включите/ все его пьесы для детей и т.д. в один [отдельный] том; put fresh troops into the field вводить в бой свежие войска; put smth. under smth. put a field under wheat засеять поле пшеницей
    5) put smth. in (to) smth. put [one's] money (capital, etc.) in (to) a bank (in business, into land, into property, In an undertaking, into a company, into real estate, etc.) вкладывать [свои] деньги и т.д. в банк и т.д.; put one's savings into securities превращать /вкладывать/ свои сбережения в ценные бумаги; put much work into this display (many weeks into this work, many hours in this paper, etc.) вложить много труда в эту выставку и т.д.; I put much time into this design я затратил много времени, чтобы создать этот узор; put words into smb.'s mouth вложить слова в чьи-л. уста; put a word or two into smb.'s ear [about smth.] шепнуть кому-л. пару слов [о чем-л.]; put new ideas into smb.'s head внушить кому-л. новые идеи; good actors know how to put emotion into their spoken words хорошие /настоящие/ актеры умеют выразить чувства словами; you must put more nerve into your part вы должны играть эту роль более темпераментно; put smth. on smb., smth. put all one's money (a dollar, etc.) on a horse (on the favourite) ставить все свои деньги на лошадь (на фаворита); put a bet on the game делать ставку в азартной игре; put smth. into smb. put new life into a person вселять новую надежду /жизнь/ в человека; put smth., smb. out of smth. put the idea (a thing, this man, etc.) out of one's head /out of one's mind/ выбросить эту мысль и т.д. из головы; put it out of sight уберите это с глаз долой
    6) put smth. to (on) smth. put a new handle to a knife приделать новую рукоятку /ручку/ к ножу; I am afraid you forgot to put a stamp on your letter боюсь, что вы забыли наклеить марку на свое письмо; will you please put a patch on these trousers положите, пожалуйста, заплату на эти брюки, залатайте, пожалуйста, эти брюки; put the roof on the house покрыть дом крышей; put smth. in some piece put a cross at the bottom (one's signature on top, etc.) поставить крест внизу и т.д.
    7) put smth. oner (ой) smth., smb. put gold (silver, etc.) [leaf] over smth. покрывать что-л. золотом и т.д.; put a ring on a finger (a dress on a mannequin,. two socks on one foot, a coat on her shoulders, a new suit on him, etc.) надеть кольцо на палец и т.д.; put a net over a lion набросить на льва сеть; put a saddle on a horse оседлать лошадь; put smb. into smth. put a child into a sailor suit одеть ребенка в матросский костюмчик /в матроску/
    8) put smth. to (against) smth. put a glass to one's lips /one's lips to one's glass/ (a handkerchief to one's nose, a light to a fire, a match to a cigarette, etc.) поднести стакан к губам и т.д.; put one's hand to one's head приложить руку ко лбу; put one's eye to a telescope (to opera-glasses, to a spyglass, to a keyhole, etc.) посмотреть в телескоп и т.д.; he put a flower against her hair он приложил цветок к ее волосам; put one's lips to smb.'s ear сказать что-л. на ухо/шепнуть что-л./ кому-л. || put smb. in touch with smb., smth. связать кого-л. с кем-л., чем-л.; I'll try to put you in touch with them попробую связать вас с ними
    9) put smth. in (to) smth. put a plan in action проводить в жизнь план; put a plan in execution приводить план в исполнение; put a law in force /into operation/ вводить закон в действие; put a reform into effect провести реформу; put an order into effect выполнять приказ; put a principle into practice осуществлять какой-л. принцип; put one's knowledge to practical use применять свои знания на практике; put the money to a good use хорошо /разумно/ использовать деньги; put smth. in evidence выставлять /предъявлять/ что-л. как свидетельство; put smb. to smth. put smb. to work определять кого-л. на работу; put smb. to business приставить кого-л. к делу; put smb. to a trade отдать /определить/ кого-л. в учение; he put me to work at once он сразу же дал /поручил/ мне работу
    10) put smb. into (in, to, out of, on) some state put smb. into a rage привести кого-л. в ярость; put smb. into a fright напугать/перепугать/ кого-л.; put smb. in fear of his life заставить кого-л. дрожать за свою жизнь; put smb. into a state of anxiety разволновать кого-л., привести кого-л. в волнение; put smb. into a flutter привести кого-л. в нервное состояние, взбудоражить кого-л.; put smb. in doubt вызвать у кого-л. сомнение; put smb. to shame пристыдить кого-л.; put smb. to the blush заставить кого-л. покраснеть; put smb. in a good humour привести кого-л. в хорошее настроение /в хорошее расположение духа/; he always manages to put me in the wrong ему всегда удается показать, что я неправ; put smb. into a state of hypnosis загипнотизировать кого-л.; put smb. to bed уложить кого-л. спать; put smb. to sleep a) навевать сон кому-л.; by singing she put the baby back to sleep ребенок снова заснул под ее песенку; б) усыпить /убить/ кого-л.; we had to put the old dog to sleep нам пришлось усыпить старого пса; the doctor put the patient to bed for six weeks врач уложил больного в постель /прописал больному постельный режим/ на шесть недель; put smb. on diet посадить кого-л. на диету; put the patient on a milk diet прописать /назначить/ больному молочную диету; put smb. out of temper вывести кого-л. из себя; put smb. out of patience вывести кого-л. из терпения; put smb. out of humour испортить кому-л. настроение; put smb. out of suspense успокоить кого-л.; put smb. out of countenance привести кого-л. в замешательство, смутить кого-л.; put the poor man out of misery избавить несчастного [человека] от страданий; put smb. out of employment лишать кого-л. работы; put smb. out of business разорить кого-л.; put smth. in (into, out of) some state put one's room (one's dress, one's affairs, the house, etc.) in order привести свою комнату и т.д. в порядок; put manuscripts in order for publication подготовить рукописи к изданию; I want to put my report into shape я хочу привести в порядок /отредактировать/ свой доклад; put figures into the form of diagrams представить /дать/ цифры в форме диаграмм; put data into tabular form привести данные в табличной форме; put names in alphabetical order расположить фамилии в алфавитном порядке; put the piano in tune настроить рояль; put a country in a state of defence подготовить страну к обороне; put a machine out of order /out of gear/ сломать машину; put a bus out of service снять автобус с линии; put a warship out of action вывести военный корабль из боя || put smb. in mind of smth., smb. напоминать кому-л. что-л., кого-л.; this put me in mind of my youth (of his promise, of her sister, etc.) это напомнило мне мою юность и т.д.; put smth., smb. on its, on one's legs again снова поставить что-л., кого-л. на ноги; he tried to put the firm on its legs again он попробовал вдохнуть в фирму новую жизнь
    11) put smb. to smth. put smb. to inconvenience причинять кому-л. неудобство; I am putting you to a good deal of trouble я доставляю /причиняю/ вам массу хлопот; you have put me to great /heavy/ expense вы ввели меня в большие расходы; put smb. to torture пытать кого-л., подвергать кого-л. пыткам; put smb. to trial возбуждать против кого-л. дело в суде; предать кого-л. суду; put smb. to death казнить кого-л.; put smth. to smth., smb. put an end /a stop/ (a check, etc.) to smth. положить конец чему-л., прекратить что-л.; the news put an end to our hopes это известие лишило нас надежды; put an end to smb. покончить с кем-л., ликвидировать кого-л.; put an end to oneself /to one's life/ покончить жизнь самоубийством; put an end to a practice прекратить практику; put smb. in smth. put smb. in an unpleasant position /in a fix, in a hole/ поставить кого-л. в неприятное или затруднительное положение; put smb., smth. through (on, to, etc.) smth. put them through a course of English обязать их прослушать курс английского языка /пройти подготовку по английскому языку/; put smb. through an ordeal подвергать кого-л. тяжелому испытанию; put smb. through a severe /stiff/ cross-examination устроить кому-л. суровый перекрестный допрос; put smb. through it coll. задать кому-л. жару; put goods on (in) the market /to sale, into circulation/ выпустить товар в продажу; he put the car through some tests он несколько раз проверял /испытывал/ машину; put smb., smth. to the test подвергать кого-л., что-л. испытанию; проверять кого-л., что-л. || put smth. to the vote ставить вопрос на голосование; put a motion (a proposal, a matter, a resolution, a decision, etc.) to the vote ставить предложение и т.д. на голосование; put the painting on exhibition выставить картину для обозрения; put smb. under arrest арестовать кого-л.; put pressure on smth., smb. оказывать давление на что-л., кого-л.; they put it over us coll. они нас провели, они обвели нас вокруг пальца
    12) put smb., smth. to (in, into) smth. put the enemy (an army, the gang, thieves, etc.) to flight обратить неприятеля и т.д. в бегство; put an engine in motion /into operation/ включить мотор; put a piece of mechanism in motion /into operation/ приводить в движение механизм; put new cars into service ввести в эксплуатацию новые машины; put smth. into production (into circulation, etc.) пускать что-л. в производство и т.д.
    13) put smb. on smth. put smb. on his mettle заставить кого-л. проявить себя с лучшей стороны /проявить рвение/; your presence will put him on his best behaviour ваше присутствие заставит его проявить себя с лучшей стороны или вести себя самым лучшим образом; put smb. on his guard заставить кого-л. насторожиться; put smb. through smth. put a horse through his paces заставлять лошадь показать, что она умеет
    14) put smth., smb. (in)to (on, over, across, etc.) smth. put a ship /the rudder/ (in)to port /harbour/ направить корабль в порт; put a fleet to sea направить флот в море; put a satellite into orbit [around the earth] вывести спутник на околоземную орбиту; put a horse's head towards home повернуть /направить/ лошадь домой; put smb. on the right road a) показать кому-л. правильную дорогу; б) направить кого-л. на правильный путь; put smb. on the wrong scent направить кого-л. по ложному следу; put smb. across /over/ the river переправить кого-л. на другой берег [реки]
    15) put smth. at smth. put the distance at 5 miles считать, что расстояние равно пяти милям; they put the circulation at 60 000 они решили установить тираж в шестьдесят тысяч экземпляров; put the rent at a certain sum of money определять размер квартплаты; I put his income at t 6000 a year я думаю, что его годовой доход составляет шесть тысяч фунтов; he puts the time at about 11 он полагает, что сейчас около одиннадцати [часов]; I should put it at i 50 я бы оценил это в пятьдесят фунтов; I would put her age at not more than sixty я бы не дал ей больше шестидесяти лет || put a price on smth. назначать цену на что-л.; put a price on a painting назначить цену на картину; he put too high a price on the book он очень дорого запросил за книгу; put value on smth. ценить что-л.; I put high value on his friendship я очень высоко ценю его дружбу; what value do you put on his advice? как вы относитесь к его советам?
    16) put smth. on (in, etc.) smth. put one's proposals (one's ideas, one's thoughts, one's impressions, etc.) on paper излагать свои предложения и т.д. в письменной форме /в письменном виде, на бумаге/; put smth. in black and white написать что-л. черным по белому; he put his feelings (his ideas, his fancies, etc.) in (to) words он выразил свои чувства и т.д. словами; can you put that in simpler words? не можете ли вы сказать это попроще?; he wanted to go but couldn't put his wish into words он хотел уйти, но не знал, как сказать об этом; put a question in a clearer light сформулировать вопрос точнее /яснее/; let me put it in another way позвольте мне сказать об этом иначе;put smth. to /before/ smb. put it to him nicely скажите ему об этом деликатно /мягко/; you must your case before the commission вы должны свое дело изложить комиссии; when I put it to him he... a) когда я изложил ему это, он...; б) когда я предложил ему это, он...; put smth. in (to) smth. put smth. in (to) some language переводить что-л. на какой-л. язык; put a poem (a work, a novel, a story, a passage, etc.) into French (into German, into English, etc.) перевести стихотворение и т.д. на французский и т.д. язык; how would you put it in French (in Danish, in English, etc.)? как вы это скажете /как это будет/ по-французски и т.д. ?
    17) put smth. before (to) smth., smb. put a matter before a meeting (before a board, before the court, etc.) поставить вопрос на рассмотрение собрания и т.д.; put this case before a tribunal предложить суду рассмотреть этот вопрос; put a proposal before a committee внести предложение в комиссию; put one's grievances before the management изложить администрации свои претензии; I want to put my proposal before you я хочу, чтобы вы выслушали /обсудили, обдумали/ мое предложение; I shall put your suggestion to the board at the next meeting я сообщу о вашем предложении на следующем собрании правления; put smth. in (to) smth. put the questions in (to) writing пришлите или изложите вопросы в письменной форме
    18) put smth. to smb. put a question to smb. задать кому-л. вопрос; put a riddle to smb. загадать кому-л. загадку
    19) put smth. in (to, on, under, etc.) smth. put the amount in the receipt (in the expenditure, etc.) указать количество в квитанции и т.д.; put this sum to my account запишите эту сумму на мой счет; put words into blanks /into blank spaces/ заполните пропуски; put one's name /one's signature/ under a document (to a will, on the dotted line, etc.) подписывать документ и т.д., ставить свою подпись под документом и т.д.; put one's initials to a document diplom. парафировать документ; put one's seal to a document (to a will, etc.) поставить печать под документом и т.д.; put a mark /а tick/ against smb.'s name поставить галочку против чьей-л. фамилии; put macron over a vowel поставить знак долготы над гласной буквой; put markers on packages пометить тюки
    20) put smth. on smth., smb. put a tax (duties, customs, etc.) on these articles облагать такие предметы налогом и т.д.; put a tax on imports (on luxuries, on cigarettes, etc.) облагать ввозимые товары налогом и т.д.; put heavy dues on cattle обкладывать скот высоким налогом || put a veto on /to/ smth. наложить вето на /запретить/ что-л.; put these customs under taboo запретить эти обычаи
    21) put smth. on the stage put a play ("Othello", etc.) on the stage поставить какую-л. пьесу и т.д. на сцене
    22) put smb. to smb. put a cow to a bull /а bull to a cow/ agric. спаривать корову с быком
    9. XXII
    1) put smth. into doing smth. put energy into finishing a task приложить энергию /усилия/ к завершению работы
    2) put smb. to doing smth. put a boy to shoemaking определить /отдать/ мальчика в учение к сапожнику
    3) put smb. to doing smth. I put her to setting the table я заставил ее накрыть на стол
    10. XXVIII2
    put it to smb. that... I put it to you that you were (not) there at the time (that you were after no good, that you have committed it, that you were a boy at the time, that you knew the signature was forged, etc.) law я заявляю, что вы там были (не были) в то время

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > put

  • 19 repeat

    1. I
    his language won't bear repeating невозможно /недопустимо, неприлично/ было бы повторять его слова; the last two figures repeat две последних цифры повторяются
    2. III
    repeat smth.
    1) repeat a signal (an effort, an action, an experience, a word, a statement, a pattern, a fine performance, a passage of music, etc.) повторять сигнал и т.д.; you should repeat the dose until you feel better вам следует продолжать принимать лекарство, пока вы не почувствуете себя лучше
    2) repeat a secret (a story, a conversation, etc.) передавать секрет и т.д.; I'll tell you what he said if you promise not to repeat it я расскажу /открою/ вам, что он сказал, если вы пообещаете сохранить это в тайне; I promised not to repeat it я пообещал никому не рассказывать это
    3) repeat a poem (a passage, poetry, one's catechism, etc.) рассказать наизусть стихотворение и т.д.; repeat one's lesson отвечать урок; he repeated the entire ballad он прочел наизусть всю балладу
    3. IV
    repeat smth. in some manner repeat smth. emphatically (stubbornly, incredulously, etc.) категорически и т.д. повторять /твердить/ что-л.
    4. XI
    1) be repeated the next day tile complaints were repeated на следующий день жалобы повторились; I hope it will not be repeated я надеюсь, что это не повторятся; it cannot be too often repeated that honesty is the best policy никогда не будет лишним повторить еще раз, что честность repeat самая правильная политика
    2) be repeated this is a story not to be repeated это не такая история, чтобы ее повторять /рассказывать кому-л./; be repeated at some time the play will be repeated next week на будущей неделе они повторят этот спектакль
    5. XII
    have smth. repeated we shall have the telegram repeated мы пошлем телеграмму еще раз
    6. XVIII
    repeat oneself don't repeat yourself не повторяйтесь; he does nothing but repeats himself он только и делает, что повторяет одно и то же; history repeats itself история повторяется
    7. XXI1
    1) repeat smth. for smth. repeat a word (an order, etc.) for emphasis повторять слово и т.д. для [большей] выразительности; repeat smth. after smb. repeat words (a sentence, etc.) after the teacher повторять слова и т.д. [вслед] за преподавателем; repeat this (an oath, etc.) after me повторяйте это и т.д. за мной; repeat smth. at (in, etc.) smth. repeat a design at intervals along a surface (a colour in several parts of a picture, etc.) повторять рисунок на поверхности через определенные промежутки и т.д.
    2) repeat smth. to smb. please don't repeat this to anybody пожалуйста, никому не говорите об этом; he repeats everything to the master он передает все своему хозяину
    8. XXV
    1) repeat that... (what..., etc.) I repeat that this is the last time such conduct will be tolerated я в последний раз повторяю, что больше не потерплю такого поведения; I repeat that I cannot undertake the task повторяю, что не могу взяться за эту работу; he simply repeats what he hears said он просто повторяет то, что слышит
    2) repeat what... don't repeat what I have told you не говорите никому того, что я вам сказал

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > repeat

  • 20 write

    1. I
    1) learn (be able, be unable, know how, etc.) to write учиться и т.д. писать; show a child how to write учить ребенка писать; this pen does not write эта ручка не пишет
    2) make a living by writing зарабатывать на жизнь литературным трудом, быть профессиональным писателем; his ambition was to write его мечтой было стать писателем
    3) he promised to write он обещал писать
    2. II
    1) write in some manner write very well (neatly, clearly /legibly/, properly, very badly, small, etc.) писать аккуратно и т.д.; this реп writes scratchily это перо царапает
    2) write at some time write every week (once a week, regularly, often, rarely, occasionally, etc.) писать (письма) каждую неделю и т.д.; write somewhere write home писать домой
    3) write in some manner write amusingly (cleverly, satirically, ironically, convincingly, realistically, dogmatically, etc.) писать занятно и т.д.; write clearly and forcibly писать /выражать свои мысли/ четко и убедительно
    3. III
    write smth.
    1) write words (Greek letters, one's alphabet, two copies of a letter, your address, etc.) писать /написать/ слова и т.д.; write Chinese characters писать китайскими иероглифами; write one's name a) написать свое имя; б) поставить свою подпись; write shorthand стенографировать; write a good (round, legible, niggling, etc.) hand иметь хороший и т.д. почерк; he wrote several pages он исписал несколько страниц
    2) write a book (a poem, a novel, essays, an article, a story, a review, a report, smb.'s biography, etc.) писать /написать/ книгу и т.д.; write music (a symphony, songs, etc.) сочинять музыку и т.д.
    3) write a letter (a note, a message, etc.) написать письмо и т.д.; write a cheque (a certificate, a prescription, an order, etc.) выписывать чек и т.д.; write one's will (an application, etc.) составить заявление и т.д.
    4. IV
    1) write smth. in some manner write English well (Spanish better than he speaks it, a letter hurriedly, etc.) хорошо писать по-английски и т.д.; he cannot write even a letter satisfactorily он даже письма не может написать как надо; write smth. somewhere write your name here поставьте свою подпись вот-здесь
    2) write smb. at some time write smb. every day (twice a week, often, at once, etc.) писать кому-л. каждый день и т.д.; we wrote you last week мы отправили вам письмо на прошлой неделе; have you written your family yet? вы уже написали домой?
    5. V
    write smb. smth. write me a nice long letter напишите мне хорошее длинное письме; write me an account of his visit опишите мне подробно, как он у вас погостил; he wrote us all the news он сообщил нам все новости; I shall write him a letter every week я буду писать ему [по письму] каждую неделю
    6. VII
    write smb. to do smth. write him to come (to send the books, etc.) написать ему, чтобы он приехал и т.д.
    7. XI
    1) be written in /with/ smth. it is written in ink (in pen, in pencil, with the reformed alphabet, with Chinese characters, with different ideographs, etc.) это написано чернилами и т.д.; it is written in English это написано по-английски; this word is written with a 'g' (with a hyphen, etc.) это слово пишется через букву 'g' и т.д.; be written somewhere the name is written underneath подпись стоит внизу; the paper is written all over бумажка вся исписана; be written by smb., smth. that was not written by me это написано не мной; be written by hand быть написанным от руки
    2) be written by smb. they found that this story was also written by Chekhov они установили, что этот рассказ был также написан Чеховым; be written for smth. the article is written expressly for the use of the paper эта статья написана специально для газеты; be written in some manner the story is briskly (brightly, carefully, well, etc.) written рассказ написан живо и т.д.; this letter is well written but badly spelt это письмо хорошо написано, но в нем масса орфографических ошибок
    3) be written to he ought to be written to ему следует написать /сообщить/, его надо известить; be written that... it is written that the book will come out next year сообщают, что эта книга выйдет в будущем году
    4) be written on /in/ smth. honesty (candour, frankness, innocence, refinement, his selfishness, etc.) is written on /in/ his face у него честное и т.д. лицо; his guilt is written on his face по лицу видно /у него на лице написано/, что он виноват; be written in one's soul (in one's heart) быть запечатленным в сердце (в душе) || there's detective written all over him по всему его виду можно безошибочно сказать, что он сыщик; сразу видно, что он сыщик
    8. XII
    have smth. written on /in/ smth. he has guilt (fear, trouble. care, etc.) written on his face, (in his eyes, etc.) у него на лице и т.д. написано, что он виноват и т.д.
    9. XIII
    write to do smth. write to let them know that... (to say that..., etc.) написать [для того], чтобы сообщить им, что... и т.д.
    10. XVI
    1) write on (in, under, etc.) smth. write on a blackboard (on both sides of the paper, on parchment, on the slate, etc.) писать на доске и т.д.; write in one's notebook записывать в тетрадь; write in the hotel register расписаться /записать свою фамилию/ в регистрационной книге гостиницы; write in the sand чертить на песке; write under the date подписаться) под датой; write at some time children learn to write in /from/ their sixth year /at the age of six/ дети начинают писать в шесть лет; write with /in/ smth. write with a pen (in pencil, with a ball-point pen, with ink, with chalk, etc.) писать ручкой и т.д.; I want something to write with мне надо что-нибудь, чем можно писать; write with the left hand писать левой рукой; write in big characters (in small letters, with small initials, etc.) писать большими буквами и т.д.; write in full писать полностью; write with abbreviations пользоваться сокращениями при письме; he writes in round hand у него круглый почерк; can you write in shorthand? вы умеете стенографировать?; write for some time I've been writing for three hours я уже три часа пишу || write from dictation писать под диктовку
    2) write about /of/ (on) smth. write about gardening (about the war, of the future entertainingly, about their customs, etc.) писать о садоводстве и т.д.; there are always plenty of topics to write about всегда есть много тем, на которые можно писать; write on the subject (too much on the matter, calmly and sensibly on the question, etc.) писать на данную тему /по данному вопросу/ и т.д.; write on mathematics (on Japan, etc.) писать о математике и т.д.; write in smth. write in the papers (in magazines, etc.) сотрудничать в газетах и т.д.; thus he writes in his recent book так он пишет в своей последней книге; write in verse (in good style, etc.) писать стихами и т.д.; write for smb., smth. write for young folk (for the masses, for a newspaper, for a magazine, for a musical theatre, for a prospectus. for posterity, etc.) писать для молодежи и т.д.; write for the screen писать для кино, писать сценарии; write for the stage писать пьесы, быть драматургом; write for a living зарабатывать литературным трудом; write against smb., smth. write against this author (against smb.'s book, etc.) выступать в печати против этого автора и т.д.; write with smth. write with ease (with artistic skill, etc.) писать с легкостью /легко/ и т.д. || write under a pen-name (under his own name) писать под псевдонимом (под своим именем)
    3) write to smb. write directly to his father (to you soon, to her family every week, to his mother, etc.) писать непосредственно его отцу и т.д.; he wrote to me [saying] that... он написал /сообщил/ мне, что...; write to him about his brother (about the business, about their victory, etc.) написать ему о его брате и т.д.; write to smth. write to London (to some little town, etc.) писать в Лондон и т.д.; write to his former address написать по его старому адресу; write to the Times (to a magazine, etc.) написать в газету "Тайме" и т.д.; write from some place write from Tokyo написать из Токио; write [to smb.] for smth. write to one's brother for advice (for a fresh supply, for money, etc.) написать брату с просьбой дать совет и т.д.; he wrote to me for help в письме он обратился ко мне за помощью
    11. XXI1
    1) write smth. in (to) (on, at, etc.) smth. write one's exercises in a copy-book (one's name in the visitors' book, the facts in one's diary, notes in the margin, etc.) писать /записывать/ упражнения в тетрадь и т.д.; write his name into the list внести его имя в список; write a new paragraph into a document вставить новый параграф в документ; write slogans on the wall (few words on a piece of paper, these figures on the board, etc.) писать лозунги на стене и т.д.; write your name at the bottom of the page распишитесь /поставьте свою подпись/ внизу страницы; write it in your own hand напишите /запишете/ это своей собственной рукой
    2) write smth. on /about/ smth. write a book on French history (an article about his experience in the Army, stories on topics about which they really know very little, etc.) писать книгу по французской истории и т.д.; write smth. for smth. write [the] music for a play сочинять /писать/ музыку для пьесы
    3) write smth. to smb. write a letter to him (a note to a friend, etc.) (надписать ему письмо и т.А; write smb. about smth. I will write you about the details later on я сообщу вам о подробностях позже
    12. XXV
    1) write if... (that..., etc.) write if you get work (that he has been ill, that he is leaving tomorrow, etc.) сообщить /написать/, если вы получите работу и т.д.
    2) write that... Shakespeare (Bacon, Herodotus, a great scholar, etc.) writes that... Шекспир и т.д. пишет /говорит/, что...
    13. XXVI
    write smb. that... (how..., etc.) write the family that he was staying with his brother (that she would be home for Christmas, etc.) сообщить /написать/ домой, что он гостит у брата и т.д.; write me how you got home напишите мне, как вы доехали [домой]

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > write

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